Study Notes Week 60

Torah Study Notes for Week 60 of the Torah Reading Cycle

Read
Aloud together to hear the Word (Leviticus 23:1-3; Nehemiah 8:1-4; Luke 4:16-17)

  • Torah (T): Shemot (Exodus) 10:1-29
  • Prophets (P): Isaiah 6:1-10
  • Apostolic (A): John 12:23-50
  • Additional (ADD): Jubilees 48:9-11

Torah Summary
Context and coherence (Nehemiah 8:8)

Shemot (Exodus) 10:1-29

10:1 YHWH said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have made his heart heavy and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs among them; 2 and that you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your son's son, what things I have done to Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that you may know that I am YHWH.” 3 Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and said to him, “This is what YHWH, the Elohim of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, that they may serve me. 4 Or else, if you refuse to let my people go, behold, tomorrow I will bring locusts into your country, 5 and they shall cover the surface of the land, so that one won't be able to see the land. They shall eat the residue of that which has escaped, which remains to you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which grows for you out of the field. 6 Your houses shall be filled, and the houses of all your servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians, as neither your fathers nor your fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they were on the land to this day.' ” He turned, and went out from Pharaoh. 7 Pharaoh's servants said to him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, that they may serve [their Elohim].(LXX) Don't you yet know that Egypt is destroyed?” 8 Moses and Aaron were brought again to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve [your Elohim];(LXX) but who are those who will go?” 9 Moses said, “We will go with our young and with our old. We will go with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds; for we must hold a feast to YHWH.” 10 He said to them, “YHWH be with you [as I send you away, but your belongings also?](LXX) See, evil is clearly before your faces. 11 Not so! Go now you who are men, and serve [Elohim];(LXX) for that is what you desire!” Then they were driven out from Pharaoh's face. 12 YHWH said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up on the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land [and all the fruit of the trees],(SP)(LXX) even all that the hail has left.” 13 Moses stretched out his rod over the land of Egypt, and YHWH brought an east wind on the land all that day, and all night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. 14 The locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the borders of Egypt. They were very grievous. Before them there were no such locusts as they, nor will there ever be again. 15 For they covered the surface of the whole land, so that the land was darkened, and they ate every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left. There remained nothing green, either tree or herb of the field, through all the land of Egypt. 16 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste, and he said, “I have sinned against YHWH your Elohim, and against you. 17 Now therefore please forgive my sin again, and pray to YHWH your Elohim, that he may also take away from me this death.” 18 Moses went out from Pharaoh, and prayed to [Elohim].(LXX) 19 YHWH sent an exceedingly strong west wind, which took up the locusts, and drove them into the Sea [at the End].(LXX) (cf. 1 Kings 9:26) There remained not one locust in all the borders of Egypt. 20 But YHWH strengthened Pharaoh's heart, and he didn't let the sons of Israel go. 21 YHWH said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.” 22 Moses stretched out his hand toward the heavens, and there was a darkness [very black, even a storm over](LXX) all the land of Egypt for three days. 23 They didn't see one another, and nobody rose from his place for three days; but all the sons of Israel had light in their dwellings. 24 Pharaoh called to Moses [and to Aaron],(DSS)(LXX) and said, “Go, serve YHWH [your Elohim].(LXX) Only let your flocks and your herds stay behind. Let your [belongings](LXX) also go with you.” 25 Moses said, “You must also give into our hand slaughters and burnt offerings, that we may slaughter to YHWH our Elohim. 26 Our livestock also shall go with us. Not a hoof [is](DSS)(LXX) left behind, for of it we must take to serve YHWH our Elohim; and we don't know with what we must serve YHWH, until we come there.” 27 But YHWH strengthened Pharaoh's heart, and he wouldn't let them go. 28 Pharaoh said to him, “Get away from me! Be careful to see my face no more; for in the day you see my face you shall die!” 29 Moses said, “You have spoken well. I will see your face again no more.”

The Joy of YHWH

חֶדְוָה chedvah (H2304) is the feminine noun form of חָדָה chadah (H2302) and is most often translated as joy or gladness. However, these are abstract terms: “a feeling of great pleasure and happiness” or “a feeling or state of well-being and contentment.” But Hebrew is action-based, not feelings-based. חָדָה chadah is from the root word חַד chad (H2297) which simply means “to unite” or “be one,” but is pictured as a wall and door. The wall separates the inside from the outside and only through the door can one enter or exit; thus uniting the inside with the outside. John 10:7-10; Yeshua therefore said to them again, “Most certainly, I tell you, I am the sheep’s door. 8 All who came before me are thieves and robbers, but the sheep didn’t listen to them. 9 I am the door. If anyone enters in by me, he will be saved, and will go in and go out and will find pasture. 10 The thief only comes to steal, kill, and destroy. I came that they may have life, and may have it abundantly.”

חַד chad (H2299) is also translated as “sharp” (cf. Isaiah 49:2; Ezekiel 5:1; Hebrews 4:12) in the sense of two edges coming together to a single point. In relation to joy or gladness, חֶדְוָה chedvah means to be joined together in unity, which produces joy: “שִׁיר הַמַּעֲלוֹת לְדָוִד הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־יָחַד” Shir hamma’alot ledavid hinneh mah-tov umah-na’im shevet achim gam-yachad: “See how good and how pleasant it is for brothers to live together in unity!” (Psalms 133:1)

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָד Shema Yisrael, YHWH eloheinu, YHWH echad “Hear, Israel, YHWH is our Elohim, YHWH is one.”

  1. When adding the ת tav suffix to the word חֶדְוָה chedvah (to make חֶדְוַת chedvat), it changes the singular feminine noun to the construct form “of”. In Semitic languages, the construct state (or “status constructus”) is a special form of a noun used when it is in a genitive construction with another noun. This construction indicates possession or a close relationship between the two nouns, where the first noun (the possessed) is modified to reflect its relationship with the second noun (the possessor). Thus, the construct of the Hebrew term tells us that the joy indicates possession between the two nouns and should lead us to interpret this joy as YHWH’s and not man’s.
    1. Nehemiah 8:9-10; Nehemiah, who was the governor, Ezra the priest and scribe, and the Levites who taught the people said to all the people, “Today is holy to YHWH your Elohim. Don’t mourn, nor weep.” For all the people wept when they heard the words of the Torah. 10 Then he said to them, “Go your way. Eat the fat, drink the sweet, and send portions to him for whom nothing is prepared, for today is holy to our Lord (our Master). Don’t be grieved, for the joy of YHWH (חֶדְוַת יְהוָה chedvat YHWH) is your strength.”
    2. Matthew 25:21,23; His lord said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a few things, I will set you over many things. Enter into the joy of your lord (your master).’ This word is simchah and not chedvah.
    3. 1 Thessalonians 1:6-10; You became imitators of us and of the Lord (the Master), having received the word in much affliction, in the joy of the Holy Spirit, (בְּחֶדְוַת רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ bechedvat ruach haqodesh) 7 so that you became an example to all who believe in Macedonia and in Achaia. 8 For from you the word of YHWH has been declared, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith toward Elohim has gone out, so that we need not to say anything. 9 For they themselves report concerning us what kind of a reception we had from you, and how you turned to Elohim from idols to serve a living and true Elohim, 10 and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead: Yeshua, who delivers us from the wrath to come.

Prophets Summary
Context and coherence (Nehemiah 8:8)

Isaiah 6:1-10

  1. The Holiness of God
    1. This vision authenticates Isaiah’s prophecies.
    2. It describes the majesty and holiness of the Lord
      1. “Holy, Holy, Holy” qadōsh: sacred, pure, separate, (infinitely above all, absolute righteousness)
    3. The vision is of the Lord, lofty and exalted. The train of his robe filling the temple.
      1. “[A]nd the foundations of the temple trembled at the voice of him who called out and while the temple was filling with smoke”
    4. This is a profound symbol of the divine interaction with humanity
      1. God calls his people to be holy but Revelation 15:4 declares, “For you alone are holy.”
  2. Awareness and acknowledgement of our sin
    1. The closer we are to God, the more aware we are of our sin.
    2. Isaiah’s first thought is to recognize his own sin, his own depravity in the sight of the Lord.
      1. “Woe is me, for I am ruined”… Undone, dumb, silent, perish, destroy, cut off, cease, utterly cut down.
    3. Peter also recognized his own sin when he realized he was in the presence of the Lord.
      1. Luke 5:8 But when Peter saw the miracle of the fish in the nets, he fell down at Jesus feet, saying, “Go away from me Lord, for I am a sinful man!”
        1. Amazement had seized him and all his companions because of the catch of fish which they had taken.
      2. Job 42:5-6 I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear; but now my eye sees You; Therefore, I retract, and I repent, sitting on dust and ashes.”
  3. Sin Separates us from God
    1. We run and hide from God when we sin.
      1. Genesis 3:8 Then the man and his wife heard the sound of the Lord God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and they hid from the Lord God among the trees of the garden.
      2. Isaiah 59:2 “But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear.”
      3. Romans 3:23 “For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.”
      4. Romans 6:23 “For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.”
  4. Redemption
    1. Restoration is painful but good.
      1. Isaiah 6:6-7 Then one of the seraphim flew to me with a burning coal in his hand, which he had taken from the altar with tongs. He touched my mouth with it and said, “Behold, this has touched your lips; and your guilt is taken away and atonement is made for your sin.”
    2. Life is a continual refining process.
      1. Romans 5:3-5 Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; perseverance, character; and character, hope. And hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us.
    3. Analogy from The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Apostolic Exhortation
Counsel, comfort, and encouragement (Acts 13:14-15)

  1. Today we’re going to get back to basics and talk about salvation.
    1. As with so many aspects of the faith, our understanding of salvation is a reflection of biblical truth that gets shaped and changed over time.
    2. Everything we believe is a combination of what we’ve learned from God’s Word and what we’ve learned from life.
      1. Discipleship is the process of separating out one from the other.
  2. No one disagrees that salvation is the very heart of the Gospel.
    1. In many ways, we treat the two as synonymous.
      1. We refer to conversion as “getting saved”.
      2. We confess that Messiah is our Savior.
      3. We believe that God’s saved us from our sins.
  3. But what is salvation and why do we need it? And what makes Yeshua “the Savior of all mankind” (1 Tim. 4:10)?
    1. It might seem obvious to us, but how many of us have had to answer them for an unbeliever recently?
      1. What do you say to them when they ask you: “Why do I need a Savior?”
    2. In the common framework of salvation, we might respond that belief in Jesus is the only way to have our sins forgiven and go to heaven when we die.
      1. We would not be wrong in this response because this is what scripture teaches.
        1. “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” (John 3:16).
        2. “For He rescued us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” (Col. 1:13-14).
    3. But by this limited definition alone, salvation results from getting that unbeliever to say the sinner’s prayer.
      1. “[I]f you confess with your mouth Jesus as Lord and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved” (Rom. 10:9).
  4. While scripture clearly teaches that we must profess Yeshua as the Messiah and our personal Savior, there is so much more to salvation in God’s Word.

KEY POINT:

Salvation is a Profession, a Person, and a Process.

  1. In the context of our Apostolic portion, we read that “the whole world [had] gone after him” (John 12:19), as even some Greeks sought to speak with Him in the Temple.
    1. “Now among those who went up to worship at the feast were some Greeks. So these came to Philip, who was from Bethsaida in Galilee, and asked him, “Sir, we wish to see Jesus” (John 12:20–21).
    2. Yeshua’s popularity had reached a pinnacle, and the multitudes were following after Him.
      1. But what were they seeking? Were they looking for a Savior or something else?
        1. “For indeed Jews ask for signs and Greeks search for wisdom” (1 Cor. 1:22).
  2. A maxim of life is that we always tend to find what we’re looking for.
    1. Think of when you misplace something of great value.
      1. How much effort and persistence do you invest in finding it again?
  3. Throughout scripture, we see that God is only found by those that seek Him with their whole heart.
    1. “There you will serve gods, the work of human hands, wood and stone, which neither see nor hear, nor eat nor smell anything. But from there you will seek the Lord your God, and you will find Him if you search for Him with all your heart and all your soul. When you are in distress and all these things happen to you, in the latter days you will return to the Lord your God and listen to His voice” (Deu. 4:28-30).
    2. “Then you will call upon Me and come and pray to Me, and I will listen to you. And you will seek Me and find Me when you search for Me with all your heart. I will let Myself be found by you,’ declares the Lord” (Jer. 12-14a).
    3. “As for you, my son Solomon, know the God of your father, and serve Him wholeheartedly and with a willing mind; for the Lord searches all hearts, and understands every intent of the thoughts. If you seek Him, He will let you find Him; but if you forsake Him, He will reject you forever” (1 Chr. 28:9).
    4. “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened” (Mat. 7:7-8).

KEY POINT:

Salvation belongs to those who seek it with their whole hearts.

  1. So, assuming that is your heart today, what is salvation and how do we possess it?
    1. Because God wants us to find Him, He embedded salvation in a place we couldn’t miss it.
      1. “She will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Yeshua (Heb. “YHWH’s Salvation”), for He will save His people from their sins” (Mat. 1:21).
    2. Salvation is a Person and His Name is Yeshua the Messiah, Jesus Christ.
      1. Because Yeshua is salvation, we cannot be saved apart from Him, either in this life or the life to come.
  2. However, knowing that Yeshua is the Savior and confessing it with our mouth is the entry point into covenant, not the extent of our salvation.
    1. It is the equivalent of sacrificing the Passover lamb – a personal acknowledgement of YHWH’s prescribed method of deliverance from sin and judgment.
    2. From this profession, we then devote our lives to following the Person.
  3. But what does following Christ really mean?
    1. Up to the very end, it seems that very few people understood that Yeshua’s role as Savior would require him to die.
      1. Most viewed Him Messiah ben David, a king and conqueror who could bring salvation to Israel in the form of liberation from Rome.
      2. The authority with which He taught and the power by which He performed miracles portrayed Him as the undefeatable and commanding leader of God’s people.
    2. Many Jewish people misled the Savior because they misunderstood the salvation God was offering them.
  4. The people wanted a coronation, but instead they received a crucifixion.
    1. “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit” (John 12:24)
      1. A single grain of wheat is comprised of three components – the bran, or outer husk; the germ, or berry; and the endosperm, or seed.
      2. A single seed produces a wheat plant that will have an average of 3 to 5 stems. Each of those stalks can have a seed head with between 40 and 60 grains.
      3. This means that the “much fruit” from a single seed that Yeshua describes is between 120 and 300 grains.
    2. This principle applies to every life, not just Yeshua’s.
  5. The central message of the Gospel is that death is necessary to produce life.
    1. “He who loves his life loses it, and he who hates his life in this world will keep it to life eternal” (John 12:24).
    2. “He who has found his life will lose it, and he who has lost his life for My sake will find it” (Mat. 10:39).
    3. “For whoever wishes to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for My sake will save it” (Mat. 16:25; ref. Mar. 8:35; Luk. 9:24).
    4. “Whoever seeks to keep his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life will preserve it” (Luk. 17:33).
  6. What life is Yeshua speaking of here?
    1. G5590. psuché – “soul; inner-being; life”.
      1. Usage: 5590 psyxḗ (from psyxō, “to breathe, blow” which is the root of the English words “psyche,” “psychology”) – soul (psyche); a person’s distinct identity (unique personhood), i.e. individual personality.
      2. Lexicon: Greek translators regularly used psuché to render Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh). Thus, the New Testament inherits the broad Hebrew sense of “living creature,” “life,” and “self,” while also developing sharper distinctions between soul, spirit, and body (for example Hebrews 4:12).
    2. The key component of “life” in these passages is that which is individual and autonomous – i.e. our “being”.
      1. This encompasses both what is material (body) and immaterial (soul) since we are holistic beings.
        1. “For this reason I say to you, do not be worried about your life (psuché), as to what you will eat or what you will drink; nor for your body, as to what you will put on. Is not life (psuché) more than food, and the body more than clothing?” (Mat. 6:25).
  7. By default, our “life” belongs to us and is in our control.
    1. Children, you might disagree. (But wait until you get a little older!)
      1. When we reach adulthood (or even turn 16), it is easy to become enamored with the power of Self-will.
        1. “I can do anything. I can be anyone”.
      2. Freedom – Independence – Autonomy – Self-actualization
        1. These are God-given qualities – so are we told to “hate” and “lose” them?
  8. The paradox of human experience is the more we turn freedom and autonomy towards serving ourselves, the more we lose in terms of true life. Why is this?
    1. “Those who try to save their own life will lose (#622) it; those who lose (#622) their life will save it” (Luk. 17:33).
      1. G622. apóllumi – “to destroy fully; perish or lose”.
        1. 622 /apóllumi (“violently/completely perish”) implies permanent (absolute) destruction, i.e. to cancel out (remove); “to die, with the implication of ruin and destruction”; cause to be lost (utterly perish) by experiencing a miserable end.
    2. Think of a person wearing a golden suit of armor that falls out of a boat in the middle of the ocean. What they have on might in one sense be very valuable — after all, it’s made of pure gold, worth millions of dollars. Yet when you’re sinking to the bottom of the ocean, it’s worthless, even deadly.

KEY POINT:

We cannot save (i.e. salvage) our psuché because it is already lost (i.e. perishing).

    1. By clinging to something that God has decreed is already lost, we place ourselves under His judgment.
  2. The hardest part of the Gospel to accept is that we need to be saved from ourselves, not just from hell.
    1. When salvation equates to “fire insurance”, there really is no downside to buying in.
    2. However, when salvation means a lifelong commitment to follow after Yeshua in the path of death, it becomes much more costly.
      1. “If anyone serves Me, he must follow Me; and where I am, there My servant will be also; if anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him” (John 12:26).
  3. Yeshua – YHWH’s salvation – came to save us in this life from this life.
    1. “If anyone hears My teachings and does not keep them, I do not judge him; for I did not come to judge the world, but to save the world” (John 12:47).
    2. “For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save that which was lost (#622)” (Luk. 19:10).
  4. “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish (#622), but have eternal (#166) life. For God did not send the Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world might be saved through Him. He who believes in Him is not judged; he who does not believe has been judged already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God” (John 3:16-18).
    1. G166. aiónios – “perpetual; eternal”.
      1. Usage: [166 (aiṓnios) does not focus on the future per se, but rather on the quality of the age it relates to. Thus, believers live in “eternal (166 /aiṓnios) life” right now, experiencing this quality of God’s life now as a present possession. (Note the Greek present tense of having eternal life in Jn 3:36, 5:24, 6:47; cf. Ro 6:23.)]
        1. “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; but he who does not obey the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him” (John 3:36).
  5. So, how do we “hate” and “lose” our life for His sake?
    1. “He who loves his life loses it, and he who hates (#3404) his life in this world will keep it to life eternal” (John 12:25).
      1. G3404. miséō – “hate; to love less”.
        1. Usage: 3404 miséō – properly, to detest (on a comparative basis); hence, denounce; to love someone or something less than someone (something) else, i.e. to renounce one choice in favor of another.
          1. “If anyone comes to Me, and does not hate (#3404 /miséō, ‘love less’ than the Lord) his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be My disciple” (Luk. 14:26).
  6. There is no virtue in self-hatred or living with low self-esteem.
    1. God understands our condition better than we do and “so loved the world” in spite of it.
      1. Our “life” could not be salvaged — so Messiah took it with Him to the cross and to the grave that we might live in newness of life (Rom. 6:4).
    2. Hating our life means seeing no good in it compared to Yeshua’s life in us.
      1. “I said to the Lord, ‘You are my Lord; I have nothing good besides You’” (Psa.16:2).
      2. “For I know that good does not dwell in me, that is, in my flesh; for the willing is present in me, but the doing of the good is not” (Rom. 7:18).

KEY POINT:

Comparing ourselves to others brings bondage; comparing ourselves to Christ brings freedom.

So, how do we apply this to our lives?

    1. #1 – Examine yourself and the salvation you believe in.
      1. Where are you in terms of Profession, Person and Process?
        1. “Test yourselves to see if you are in the faith; examine yourselves! Or do you not recognize this about yourselves, that Jesus Christ is in you-unless indeed you fail the test?” (2 Cor. 13:5).
      2. If you aren’t sure where you stand, talk to an elder or truster mentor in the faith.
    2. #2 – Follow Yeshua.
      1. Are you seeking Him with your whole heart or just coasting?
      2. Get real but don’t give in to guilt or condemnation.
        1. “Therefore, just as the Holy Spirit says, ‘Today if you hear His voice’” (Heb. 3:7).
    3. #3 – Trust in God more and in yourself less.
      1. As you “let go and let God”, you will begin to experience the overwhelming joy and peace that comes from realizing you don’t have to be the one on control (News Flash: You never were!)

Does anyone have specific questions or need any clarification from what was said during the Summary or Exhortation?

Application & Discussion
Living the Word and following Yeshua (Acts 2:37; Romans 2:13)
Questions, input, and sharpening (Proverbs 27:17; Luke 2:46)

Romans 2:13 For it isn’t the hearers of the Torah who are righteous before Elohim, but the doers of the Torah will be justified.

James 1:22 But be doers of the word, and not only hearers, deluding your own selves.

    1. What questions or comments came up during your family’s discussion of this week’s study?
    2. “What other related Scriptures did you find during your study of this week’s portion?”
    3. Have you ever experienced something from this study or something related to it?
    4. “What changes do you need to make in your life to align with what you learned during this week’s Torah Study?”
    5. What impacted you from the portion this week? From today’s study?
    6. What does salvation mean to you?

Additional Notes

Hebrew Words for “Foreigner”

“ger (resident alien, sojourner), nokhri (foreigner from another nation), toshav (temporary settler/dweller), and zar (outsider, stranger in blood or law), conveying concepts from permanent residents needing protection to temporary visitors or outsiders not bound by Israel’s laws, highlighting different relationships with the community.”

  • Ger (גֵּר) H1616 “to sojourn as a settler”: The most common term, referring to a resident alien or sojourner living among Israel, often a refugee or immigrant due to famine/war, who was to be protected and treated fairly (e.g., Leviticus 19:33-34).
  • Nokhri (נָכְרִי) H5237 “to know”: A foreigner, one from a different nation, often used for those outside the land of Israel or not bound by Israelite customs (e.g., Deuteronomy 15:3).
  • Toshav (תּוֹשָׁב) H8453 “to turn to a seat; a returning to ones place of residence where one sits”: A settler or settler, sometimes synonymous with ger, but implying less permanence (e.g., Exodus 12:45).
  • Zar (זָר) H2114 “to be scattered abroad; to be strange”: An outsider, stranger in blood, or one not belonging to a specific group (e.g., a non-Levite), used for those outside the covenant community (e.g., Proverbs 27:2)