Study Notes Week 67

Torah Study Notes for Week 67 of the Torah Reading Cycle

Read
Aloud together to hear the Word (Leviticus 23:1-3; Nehemiah 8:1-4; Luke 4:16-17)

Torah (T): Shemot (Exodus) 17:1-16
Prophets (P): 1 Samuel 15:1-35
Apostolic (A): 1 Corinthians 10:1-12; Hebrews 3:1-19
Additional (ADD): Jubilees 50:1-5

Torah Summary
Context and coherence (Nehemiah 8:8)

Shemot (Exodus) 17:1-16

17:1 All the congregation of the sons of Israel traveled from the wilderness of Sin, starting according to the commandment of YHWH, and encamped in Rephidim; but there was no water for the people to drink. 2 Therefore the people quarreled with Moses, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test YHWH?” 3 The people were thirsty for water there; so the people murmured against Moses, and said, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, our sons, and our livestock with thirst?” 4 Moses cried to YHWH, saying, “What shall I do with these people? They are almost ready to stone me.” 5 YHWH said to Moses, “Walk on before the people, and take the elders of Israel with you, and take the rod in your hand with which you struck the Nile, and go. 6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink.” Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel. 7 He called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because the sons of Israel quarreled, and because they tested YHWH, saying, “Is YHWH among us, or not?” 8 Then Amalek came and fought with Israel in Rephidim. 9 Moses said to Joshua, “Choose men for us, and go out to fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of Elohim in my hand.” 10 So Joshua did as Moses had told him, and fought with Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. 11 When Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed. When he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. 12 But the hands of Mosheh were heavy; so they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. His hands were steady until sunset. 13 Joshua defeated Amalek and his people [and struck them]^(DSS) with the edge of the sword. 14 YHWH said to Moses, “Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under the heavens.” 15 Moses built an altar, and called its name “YHWH Nissi” [my refuge].^(LXX) 16 He said, “Because [with a secret hand],^(LXX) Yah will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.”

Review

15:23 When they came to Marah, they couldn’t drink from the waters of Marah, for they were bitter. Therefore its name was called Marah. 24 The people murmured against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?” 25 Then he cried to YHWH. YHWH showed him a tree, and he threw it into the waters, and the waters were made sweet. There he made a statute and a judgment for them, and there he tested them.
- Statute = חֹק choq (H2706) means to inscribe (write down) a decree or custom. Genesis 47:26; Joseph made it a statute concerning the land of Egypt to this day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth. Only the land of the priests alone didn’t become Pharaoh’s. Exodus 12:24; You shall observe this word for a statute to you and to your sons forever.
- Judgment: Often translated as judgment or ordinance, מִשְׁפָּט mishpat (H4941) is from the root word שָׁפַט shaphat (H8199) and means to rule over a case of dispute or wrong doing and make a decision on the case. שָׁפַט shaphat is equivalent to the Greek word κριτής krites (G2923) and is a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter; an arbiter.
15:26 He said, “If you will diligently listen to [the voice of YHWH],^(DSS)^(LXX)^(SP) and will do that which is right in his eyes, and will pay attention to his commandments, and guard all his statutes, I will put none of the diseases on you which I have put on the Egyptians; for I am YHWH who heals you.” 27 They came to Elim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees. They encamped there by the waters.
- - Tested = נָסָה nasah (H5254) means “to test to prove one is deserved of being lifted up” and comes from the root word נָסָ nas which means to lift up. נָסָה nasah is equivalent to the Greek word πειράζω peirazō (G3985) means to try, make trial of, or test for the purpose of ascertaining his quality, or what he thinks, or how he will behave himself.
  - Listen = שָׁמַע shama’ (H8085) basically means “to hear and obey” in the sense of carefully hearing someone or something and responding with the appropriate obedient action. שָׁמַע shama’ is equivalent to the Greek word ἀκούω akouō (G191) which means to attend to, to consider what is or has been said, to understand, or to perceive the sense of what is said.
- Diseases = מַחֲלֶה machaleh (H4245) commonly translated as disease, illness, sickness and comes from a root word חֹל chol (H2455) which means to bore a hole into something as in a drill, which spins and moves back and forth while firmly pressing downward to bore a hole. Also connected to the word “dance” (חוּל chool H2342) which can mean to twist, whirl, dance, writhe, fear, tremble, travail, be in anguish, or be pained.
16:1 They took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt. 2 The whole congregation of the sons of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness; 3 and the sons of Israel said to them, “Would that we had died by the hand of YHWH in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, when we ate our fill of bread, for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger.”
1. Congregation = עֵדָה edah (H5712) is the feminine of the word עֵד ed (H5707) which means “to witness” in the sense of a person repeating or recounting their testimony of an event. When related to a group of people or a congregation, עֵדָה edah is a fixed congregation or collection of people for a common witness of an event. עֵדָה edah is not to be confused with the קָהֵל qahal (H6951) or ἐκκλησία ekklēsia (G1577) which is the entire a gathering of a people (or nation) called into some public place (cf. Exodus 19:17; Deuteronomy 4:10; Acts 7:38)
2. Assembly = קָהֵל qahal (H6951) means “to gather” and is equivalent to the Greek word ἐκκλησία ekklēsia (G1577) which is the entire a gathering of a people (or nation) called into some public place (cf. Exodus 19:17; Deuteronomy 4:10; Acts 7:38). קָהֵל qahal and ἐκκλησία ekklēsia should not be confused with עֵדָה edah (H5712) which is a fixed congregation or collection of people for a common witness of an event.
3. Josephus, Antiquities 3.1.3. And now removing from thence they came to Elim; which place looked well at a distance, for there was a grove of palm-trees; but when they came near to it, it appeared to be a bad place, for the palm-trees were no more than seventy; and they were ill-grown and creeping trees, by the want of water, for the country about was all parched, and no moisture sufficient to water them, and make them hopeful and useful, was derived to them from the fountains, which were in number twelve: they were rather a few moist places than springs, which not breaking out of the ground, nor running over, could not sufficiently water the trees. And when they dug into the sand, they met with no water; and if they took a few drops of it into their hands, they found it to be useless, on account of its mud. The trees were too weak to bear fruit, for want of being sufficiently cherished and enlivened by the water. So they laid the blame on their conductor, and made heavy complaints against him; and said that this their miserable state, and the experience they had of adversity, were owing to him; for that they had then journeyed an entire thirty days, and had spent all the provisions they had brought with them; and meeting with no relief, they were in a very desponding condition. And by fixing their attention upon nothing but their present misfortunes, they were hindered from remembering what deliverances they had received from Elohim, and those by the virtue and wisdom of Moses also; so they were very angry at their conductor, and were zealous in their attry to stone him, as the direct occasion of their present miseries.
16:4 Then YHWH said to Moses, “Behold, I will rain bread from the heavens for you, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in my Torah or not. 5 It shall come to pass on the sixth day, that they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.”

Exodus 17:1-16

17:1 All the congregation of the sons of Israel traveled from the wilderness of Sin, starting according to the commandment of YHWH, and encamped in Rephidim; but there was no water for the people to drink.
17:2 Therefore the people quarreled with Moses, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test YHWH?”
1. Immersed (baptized) into Moses = Exodus 14:21-31 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and YHWH caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. 22 The sons of Israel went into the middle of the sea on the dry ground; and the waters were a wall to them on their right hand and on their left. 31 Israel saw the great work which [Elohim]^(LXX) did to the Egyptians, and the people feared YHWH; and they believed in YHWH and in his servant Moses.
  - Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Exodus 14 And Israel saw the power of the mighty hand by which the Lord had wrought the miracles in Mizraim; and the people feared before the Lord, and believed in the Name of the Word of the Lord, and in the prophecies of Mosheh His servant.
  - John 5:45 “Don’t think that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one who accuses you, even Moses, on whom you have set your hope. 46 For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote about me. 47 But if you don’t believe his writings, how will you believe my words?”
2. Quarreled = רִיב riv (H7378) means “to strive” and comes from the root word “rav” which means “to rule as master.”
17:3 The people were thirsty for water there; so the people murmured against Moses, and said, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, our sons, and our livestock with thirst?”
1. Murmur = לוּן lun (H3885) literally means “to stay in an inn or resting place for the night”. לוּן lun is equivalent to the Greek word διαγογγύζω diagongyzō (G1234) and means to indignantly complain throughout a crowd in a manner indicating anger or annoyance at something perceived as unfair.
2. 1 Corinthians 10:10 Don’t grumble, as some of them also grumbled, and perished by the destroyer (cf. Numbers 11:1-3; 32-34; Exodus 12:23; 2 Samuel 24:16; Hebrews 11:28).
  - Grumble (complain) = אָנַן anan (H596) comes from the root word which means “to produce or reproduce”. Thus, אָנַן anan means to grumble, murmur, or complain from one’s lack of production or reproduction (only used twice cf. Numbers 11:1 and Lamentations 3:39) and is equivalent to the Greek word γογγύζω gongyzō (G1111) which means to murmur, grouch, growl.
    - Lamentations 3:38-40 Who is he who says, and it comes to pass, when the Lord doesn’t command it? 38 Doesn’t evil and good come out of the mouth of Elyon? 39 Why should a living man complain when punished for his sins? 40 Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to YHWH.
17:4 Moses cried to YHWH, saying, “What shall I do with these people? They are almost ready to stone me.” 5 YHWH said to Moses, “Walk on before the people, and take the elders of Israel with you, and take the rod in your hand with which you struck the Nile, and go. 6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink.” Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel.
1. 1 Corinthians 10:1-4 Now I would not have you ignorant, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; 2 and were all immersed (baptized) into Moses in the cloud and in the sea; 3 and all ate the same spiritual food; 4 and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Messiah.
  1. Numbers 20:1-13 The sons of Israel, the whole congregation, came into the wilderness of Zin in the first new moon. The people stayed in Kadesh. Miriam died there, and was buried there. 2 There was no water for the congregation; and they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. 3 The people quarreled with Moses, and spoke, saying, “We wish that we had died when our brothers died before YHWH! 4 Why have you brought the assembly of YHWH into this wilderness, that we should die there, we and our animals? 5 Why have you made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in to this evil place? It is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.” 6 Moses and Aaron went from the face of the assembly to the door of the Appointed Tent, and fell on their faces. the glory of YHWH appeared to them. 7 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying, 8 “Take the staff, and assemble the congregation, you, and Aaron your brother, and speak to the rock before their eyes, that it pour out its water. (contrast Exodus 17:6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink.) You will bring water to them out of the rock; so you will give the congregation and their livestock drink.” 9 Moses took the staff from before YHWH, as he commanded him. 10 Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock, and he said to them, “Hear now, you rebels! Shall we bring water out of this rock for you?” 11 Moses lifted up his hand, and struck the rock with his staff twice, and water came out abundantly. The congregation and their livestock drank. 12 YHWH said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you didn’t believe in me, to sanctify me in the eyes of the sons of Israel, therefore you will not bring this assembly into the land which I have given them.” 13 These are the waters of Meribah; because the sons of Israel strove with YHWH, and he wTargum as sanctified in them. [And Moses said, “Lord YHWH, you have begun to show your servant your greatness, and your strong hand. For what elohim is there in the heavens or in the earth that can do works like yours, and mighty acts like yours? Please let me go over and see the good land that is beyond the Jordan, that fine mountain, and Lebanon.” But YHWH said to me, “Enough! Speak no more to me of this word. Go up to the top of Pisgah, and lift up your eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and see with your eyes; for you will not go over this Jordan.] (cf. Deuteronomy 3:24-27)^(DSS)
    - Jerusalem Targum aka Targum Pseudo-Jonathan And Mosheh and Aharon gathered the congregation together before the rock. And Mosheh said to them, Hear now, rebels: is it possible for us to bring forth water for you from this rock? And Mosheh lifted up his hand, and with his rod struck the rock two times: at the first time it dropped blood; but at the second time there came forth a multitude of waters. And the congregation and their cattle drank. But the Lord spake to Mosheh and Aharon with the oath, Because ye have not believed in My Word, to sanctify Me in the sight of the sons of Israel, therefore you will not bring this congregation into the land that I will give them. These are the Waters of Contention, where the sons of Israel contended before the Lord on account of the well that had been hidden…
  2. Deuteronomy 8:15 …who led you through the great and terrible wilderness, with venomous snakes and scorpions, and thirsty ground where there was no water; who poured water for you out of the rock of flint
  3. Psalms 114:7-8 Tremble, you earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of the Elohim of Jacob, 8 who turned the rock into a pool of water, the flint into a spring of waters.
  4. Wisdom of Solomon 11:4 They thirsted, and they called upon you, and water was given to them out of the flinty rock, and healing of their thirst out of the hard stone.
  5. John 7:37-39 (NASB) Now on the last day, the great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, saying, “If anyone is thirsty, let him come to Me and drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture said, ‘From his innermost being will flow rivers of living water.’ ”
    1. John 7:37-39 (ESV) On the last day of the feast, the great day, Jesus stood up and cried out, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, ‘Out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.’”
      1. Isaiah 58:11 “and YHWH will guide you continually, satisfy your soul in dry places, and make your bones strong. You will be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water whose waters don’t fail.”
    2. John 7:37-39 (Correct) Now on the last and greatest day of the feast, Yeshua stood and cried out, “If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink! 38 He who believes in me, as the Scripture has said, from within him will flow rivers of living water.” 39 But he said this about the Spirit, which those believing in him were to receive. For the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Yeshua wasn’t yet glorified.
17:7 He called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because the sons of Israel quarreled, and because they tested YHWH, saying, “Is YHWH among us, or not?”
1. What is faith? אֱמוּנָה emunah (H530) means to have a firm and complete trust and confidence in someone or something. אֱמוּנָה emunah is the feminine noun form of אֵמוּן emun which means “to be firm” and is concretely represented as a pillar; something that grabs hold or supports something else. אֱמוּנָה emunah is equivalent to the Greek word πίστις pístis (G4102) means “conviction” which is a firmly held belief or opinion.
  - Hebrews 3:1-19 Therefore, holy brothers, partakers of a heavenly calling, consider the Emissary and High Priest of our confession: Yeshua, 2 who was faithful to him who appointed him, as also Moses was in [His]^(mss) house (cf. Numbers 12:7). 3 For he has been counted worthy of more glory than Moses, because he who built the house has more honor than the house. 4 For every house is built by someone; but he who built all things is Elohim. 5 Moses indeed was faithful in all his house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were afterward to be spoken, 6 but Messiah is faithful as a Son over his house. We are his house, if we hold fast our confidence and the glorying of our [hope].^(mss) 7 Therefore, even as the Holy Spirit says, “Today if you will hear his voice, 8 don’t harden your hearts as in Meribah, the rebellion (cf. Psalms 95:8), in the day of Massah, the trial in the wilderness (cf. Exodus 17:7), 9 where your fathers tested me and tried me, and saw my deeds for forty years. 10 Therefore I was displeased with [this]^{(mss)(cf. Psalms 95:11; Psalms 94:10 LXX)} generation, and said, ‘They always err in their heart, but they didn’t know my ways.’ 11 As I swore in my wrath, ‘They will not enter into my rest.’ ” (cf. Psalms 95:7-11) 12 Beware, brothers, lest perhaps there might be in any one of you an evil heart of unbelief, in falling away from the living Elohim; 13 but exhort one another day by day, so long as it is called “today”, lest any one of you be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. 14 For we have become partakers of Messiah, if we hold the beginning of our confidence firm to the end, 15 while it is said, “Today if you will hear his voice, don’t harden your hearts, as in the rebellion.” (cf. Psalms 95:7-8) 16 For who, when they heard, rebelled? Wasn’t it all those who came out of Egypt led by Moses? 17 With whom was he displeased forty years? Wasn’t it with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the wilderness? (cf. Exodus 32:23-28; Numbers 14:26-37; Psalms 106:23-27), 18 To whom did he swear that they wouldn’t enter into his rest, but to those who were disobedient? (cf. Deuteronomy 1:34-37; Psalms 95:11) 19 We see that they weren’t able to enter in because of unbelief.
  What is unbelief? לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun (H3808 + H529) literally means to not have firm and complete trust and confidence in someone or something (i.e. no conviction, no firmly held belief or opinion). לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun equivalent to the Greek word ἀπιστίαν apistia (G570) which is unfaithfulness or faithlessness (of persons betraying a trust) and means infidelity in modern Greek.
  - Deuteronomy 32:15-20 [But Jacob ate his fill.]^(LXX) Jeshurun grew fat, and kicked. You have grown fat. You have grown thick. You have become sleek. Then he abandoned Elohim who made him, and rejected [Elohim]^(LXX) of his salvation. 16 They moved him to zeal with strange elohim. They provoked him to anger with abominations. 17 They slaughtered to demons, not Elohim, to elohim that they didn’t know, to new elohim that came up recently, which your fathers didn’t dread. 18 Of the [Elohim]^(LXX) who became your father, you are unmindful, and have forgotten Elohim who gave you birth. 19 YHWH saw and abhorred, because of the provocation of his sons and his daughters. 20 He said, “I will hide my face from them. I will see what their end will be; for they are a very perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith (לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun).
  - Mark 9:14-29 Coming to the disciples, he saw a great multitude around them, and scribes questioning them. 15 Immediately all the multitude, when they saw him, were greatly amazed, and running to him, greeted him. 16 He asked [them],^(mss) “What are you asking them?” 17 One of the multitude answered [him],^(mss) “Rabbi, I brought to you my son, who has a mute spirit; 18 and wherever it seizes him, it throws him down; and he foams at the mouth, grinds his teeth, and becomes rigid. I asked your disciples to cast it out, and they weren’t able.” 19 He answered him, “Unbelieving generation, how long shall I be with you? How long shall I bear with you? Bring him to me.” 20 They brought him to him, and when he saw him, immediately the spirit convulsed him and he fell on the ground, wallowing and foaming at the mouth. 21 He asked his father, “How long has it been since this has been happening to him?” He said, “From childhood. 22 Often it has cast him both into the fire and into the water to destroy him. But if you can do anything, have compassion on us and help us.” 23 Yeshua said to him, “[If you can?]^(mss)All things are possible to him who believes.” 24 Immediately the father of the child [cried out],^(mss)“I believe. Help my unbelief!” 25 When Yeshua saw that a multitude came running together, he rebuked the unclean spirit, saying to him, “You [deaf and mute]^(mss) spirit, I command you, come out of him, and never enter him again!” 26 After crying out and convulsing him greatly, it came out of him. The boy became like one dead, so much that most of them said, “He is dead.” 27 But Yeshua took him by the hand and raised him up; and he arose. 28 When he had come into the house, his disciples asked him privately, “Why couldn’t we cast it out?” 29 He said to them, “This kind can come out by nothing but by prayer and fasting.”
    - Matthew 17:19-20 Then the disciples came to Yeshua privately, and said, “Why weren’t we able to cast it out?” 20 He said to them, “Because of your unbelief. For most certainly I tell you, if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you will tell this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move; and nothing will be impossible for you…”
17:8 Then Amalek came and fought with Israel in Rephidim. 9 Moses said to Joshua, “Choose men for us, and go out to fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of Elohim in my hand.” 10 So Joshua did as Moses had told him, and fought with Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. 11 When Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed. When he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. 12 But the hands of Mosheh were heavy; so they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. His hands were steady until sunset. 13 Joshua defeated Amalek and his people [and struck them]^(DSS) with the edge of the sword. 14 YHWH said to Moses, “Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under the heavens.” 15 Moses built an altar, and called its name “YHWH Nissi” [my refuge].^(LXX) 16 He said, “Because [with a secret hand],^(LXX) Yah will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.”
1. Exodus 36:12 Timna was concubine to Eliphaz, Esau’s son; and she bore to Eliphaz Amalek.
2. 1 Chronicles 1:35 The sons of Esau: Eliphaz, Reuel, Jeush, Jalam, and Qorach. 36 The sons of Eliphaz: Teman, Omar, Zephi, Gatam, Kenaz, Timna, and Amalek.

Apostolic Summary
Context and coherence (Nehemiah 8:8)

1 Corinthians 10:1-12; Hebrews 3:1-19

1 Corinthians 10:1-4 Now I would not have you ignorant, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; 2 and were all immersed (baptized) into Moses in the cloud and in the sea; 3 and all ate the same spiritual food; 4 and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Messiah.
- Disciple = תַּלְמִיד talmid (H8527) comes from לָמַד lamad (H8527) which means “to learn by goading” as in directing the path of the ox by goading it. In reference to people, a תַּלְמִיד talmid is a student, scholar, or person taught by a teacher (i.e. a taught one) (cf. 1 Chronicles 25:8). תַּלְמִיד talmid is equivalent to the Greek word μαθητεύω mathēteuō (G3100) which means to be a disciple of one, specifically to follow his precepts and instructions.
  - 1 Chronicles 25:8 They cast lots for their offices, all alike, the small as well as the great, the teacher as well as the student (.
  - Luke 11:1 When he finished praying in a certain place, one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, just as Yochanan also taught his disciples.”
  - John 4:1-2 Therefore when the Lord knew that the Pharisees had heard that Yeshua was making and immersing more disciples than John 2 although Yeshua himself didn’t immerse, but his disciples.
  - Matthew 28:19 Yeshua came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the land. 19 Go and make disciples of all nations, immersing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all things that I commanded you. Behold, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” Amen.
- Immersed (baptized) into Moses = Exodus 14:21-31 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and YHWH caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. 22 The sons of Israel went into the middle of the sea on the dry ground; and the waters were a wall to them on their right hand and on their left. 31 Israel saw the great work which [Elohim]^(LXX) did to the Egyptians, and the people feared YHWH; and they believed in YHWH and in his servant Moses.
  - Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Exodus 14 And Israel saw the power of the mighty hand by which the Lord had wrought the miracles in Mizraim; and the people feared before the Lord, and believed in the Name of the Word of the Lord, and in the prophecies of Mosheh His servant.
  - John 5:45 “Don’t think that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one who accuses you, even Moses, on whom you have set your hope. 46 For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote about me. 47 But if you don’t believe his writings, how will you believe my words?”
  - “For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Messiah.”
    - Numbers 20:1-13 The sons of Israel, the whole congregation, came into the wilderness of Zin in the first new moon. The people stayed in Kadesh. Miriam died there, and was buried there. 2 There was no water for the congregation; and they assembled themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. 3 The people quarreled with Moses, and spoke, saying, “We wish that we had died when our brothers died before YHWH! 4 Why have you brought the assembly of YHWH into this wilderness, that we should die there, we and our animals? 5 Why have you made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in to this evil place? It is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.” 6 Moses and Aaron went from the face of the assembly to the door of the Appointed Tent, and fell on their faces. the glory of YHWH appeared to them. 7 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying, 8 “Take the staff, and assemble the congregation, you, and Aaron your brother, and speak to the rock before their eyes, that it pour out its water. (contrast Exodus 17:6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink.) You will bring water to them out of the rock; so you will give the congregation and their livestock drink.” 9 Moses took the staff from before YHWH, as he commanded him. 10 Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock, and he said to them, “Hear now, you rebels! Shall we bring water out of this rock for you?” 11 Moses lifted up his hand, and struck the rock with his staff twice, and water came out abundantly. The congregation and their livestock drank. 12 YHWH said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you didn’t believe in me, to sanctify me in the eyes of the sons of Israel, therefore you will not bring this assembly into the land which I have given them.” 13 These are the waters of Meribah; because the sons of Israel strove with YHWH, and he wTargum as sanctified in them. [And Moses said, “Lord YHWH, you have begun to show your servant your greatness, and your strong hand. For what elohim is there in the heavens or in the earth that can do works like yours, and mighty acts like yours? Please let me go over and see the good land that is beyond the Jordan, that fine mountain, and Lebanon.” But YHWH said to me, “Enough! Speak no more to me of this word. Go up to the top of Pisgah, and lift up your eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and see with your eyes; for you will not go over this Jordan.] (cf. Deuteronomy 3:24-27)^(DSS)
      - Jerusalem Targum aka Targum Pseudo-Jonathan And Mosheh and Aharon gathered the congregation together before the rock. And Mosheh said to them, Hear now, rebels: is it possible for us to bring forth water for you from this rock? And Mosheh lifted up his hand, and with his rod struck the rock two times: at the first time it dropped blood; but at the second time there came forth a multitude of waters. And the congregation and their cattle drank. But the Lord spake to Mosheh and Aharon with the oath, Because ye have not believed in My Word, to sanctify Me in the sight of the sons of Israel, therefore you will not bring this congregation into the land that I will give them. These are the Waters of Contention, where the sons of Israel contended before the Lord on account of the well that had been hidden…
1 Corinthians 10:5-6 However with most of them, Elohim was not well pleased, for they were overthrown in the wilderness. 6 Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not lust after evil things as they also lusted.
1 Corinthians 10:7 Don’t be idolaters, as some of them were. As it is written, “The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play.” (cf. Exodus 32:6)
- Exodus 32:1-6 When the people saw that Moses delayed coming down from the mountain, the people gathered themselves together to Aaron, and said to him, “Come, make us Elohim, who shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don’t know what has become of him.” 2 Aaron said to them, “Take off the golden rings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me.” 3 All the people took off the golden rings which were in their ears, and brought them to Aaron. 4 He received what they handed him, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made it a molded calf. Then they said, “This is your Elohim, Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.” 5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made a proclamation, and said, “Tomorrow shall be a feast to YHWH.” 6 They rose up early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.
1 Corinthians 10:8 Let’s not commit sexual immorality, as some of them committed, and in one day twenty-three thousand fell (cf. Numbers 25:1-9).
- Sexual immorality = πορνεία porneia (G4202) noun feminine – illicit sexual intercourse; 1a) adultery, fornication, homosexuality, lesbianism, intercourse with animals etc. 1b) sexual intercourse with close relatives; 1c) sexual intercourse with a divorced man or woman.
- Numbers 25:1-9 Israel stayed in Shittim; and the people began to whore with the daughters of Moab; 2 for they called the people to the slaughters of their elohim. The people ate and bowed down to their elohim. 3 Israel yoked himself to Baal Peor, and the anger of YHWH burned against Israel. 4 YHWH said to Moses, “Take the heads of the people, and hang them up to YHWH before the sun, that the fierce anger of YHWH may turn away from Israel.” 5 Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Everyone kill his men who have yoked themselves to Baal Peor.” 6 Behold, one of the sons of Israel came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of the congregation of the sons of Israel, and they were weeping at the door of the Appointed Tent. 7 When Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw, he rose up from the middle of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand. 8 He went after the man of Israel into the alcove, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her body. So the smiting was stopped among the sons of Israel. 9 Those who died by the smiting were twenty-four thousand.
  - 2 Corinthians 6:14-16 Don’t be unequally yoked with unbelievers, for what fellowship do righteousness and iniquity have? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness? 15 What agreement does Messiah have with Belial? Or what portion does a believer have with an unbeliever? 16 What agreement does a temple of Elohim have with idols? For you are a temple of the living Elohim. Even as Elohim said, “I will dwell in them and walk in them. I will be their Elohim and they will be my people.” (cf. Leviticus 26:12; Jeremiah 32:38; Ezekiel 37:27)
1 Corinthians 10:9 Let’s not test [YHWH],^(mss) as some of them tested, and perished by the serpents (cf. Numbers 21:5-7).
- Numbers 21:4-9 They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Sea of Reeds, to go around the land of Edom. The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey. 5 The people spoke against Elohim and against Moses: “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, there is no water, and our soul loathes this light bread!” 6 YHWH sent the seraphim nachashim among the people, and they bit the people. Many people of Israel died. 7 The people came to Moses, and said, “We have sinned, because we have spoken against YHWH and against you. Pray to YHWH, that he take away the nachash from us.” Moses prayed for the people. 8 YHWH said to Moses, “Make a saraph, and set it on a pole. It will happen that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, will live.” 9 Moses made a nachash of bronze, and set it on the pole. If the nachash had bitten any man, when he looked at the nachash of bronze, he lived.
  - John 3:14-15 As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, 15 that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life.
1 Corinthians 10:10 Don’t grumble, as some of them also grumbled, and perished by the destroyer (cf. Numbers 11:1-3; 32-34; Exodus 12:23; 2 Samuel 24:16; Hebrews 11:28).
- Grumble (complain) = אָנַן anan (H596) comes from the root word which means “to produce or reproduce”. Thus, אָנַן anan means to grumble, murmur, or complain from one’s lack of production or reproduction (only used twice cf. Numbers 11:1 and Lamentations 3:39) and is equivalent to the Greek word γογγύζω gongyzō (G1111) which means to murmur, grouch, growl.
  - Lamentations 3:38-40 Who is he who says, and it comes to pass, when the Lord doesn’t command it? 38 Doesn’t evil and good come out of the mouth of Elyon? 39 Why should a living man complain when punished for his sins? 40 Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to YHWH.
- Numbers 11:1-3; 32-34 The people were complaining in the ears of YHWH. When YHWH heard it, his anger burned; and the fire of YHWH burned among them, and consumed at the outskirts of the camp. 2 The people cried to Moses; and Moses prayed to YHWH, and the fire abated. 3 The name of that place was called Taberah, because YHWH’s fire burned among them. 4 The mixed multitude that was among them will desire a desiring; and the sons of Israel also will turn back and weep, and they will say, “Who will give us flesh to eat? 5 We remember the fish, which we freely ate in Egypt; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic; 6 now our souls are dry, without anything except for the manna before our eyes.”…32 [All the people]^(DSS)rose up that day, and all night, and [all the next],^(DSS)and gathered the quails. He who gathered least gathered ten homers; and they spread them all out for themselves around the camp. 33 While the flesh was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of YHWH burned against the people, and YHWH struck the people with a very great hitting. 34 The name of that place was called Qibroth Hattaavah, because there they buried the people who coveted.
- הַמַּשְׁחִית HaMashchit (H7843) comes from the root שָׁחַת shachat means “to destroy” and is equivalent to the Greek word ὀλοθρευτής olothreutēs (G3645) of the same definition. In Biblical Hebrew, מ־ (mem / m-) can be a derivational prefix—it helps turn a verb root into a noun. Thus, שָׁחַת shachat to מַּשְׁחִית mashchit goes from “to destroy” to “destroyer” and adding the Hebrew prefix הַ ha means “the destroyer”.
  - Exodus 12:23 For YHWH will pass through to strike the Egyptians; and when he sees the blood on the lintel, and on the two door posts, YHWH will pass over the door, and will not allow the destroyer to come in to your houses to strike you.
  - 2 Samuel 24:16 When the angel stretched out his hand toward Jerusalem to destroy it, YHWH relented of the disaster, and said to the angel who destroyed the people, “It is enough. Now withdraw your hand.” The angel of YHWH was [standing]^(DSS) by the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite. [And David lifted up his eyes and saw the angel of YHWH standing between the land and the heavens, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders, clothed in sackcloth, fell down on their faces.]^(DSS)
  - Hebrews 11:28 In faith he kept the Pesach and the sprinkling of the blood, that the destroyer of the firstborn should not touch them.
1 Corinthians 10:11-12 Now all these things happened to them by way of example, and they were written for our admonition, on whom the ends of the ages have come. 12 Therefore let him who thinks he stands be careful that he doesn’t fall.

Apostolic Exhortation
Counsel, comfort, and encouragement (Acts 13:14-15)’

What is faith? אֱמוּנָה emunah (H530) means to have a firm and complete trust and confidence in someone or something. אֱמוּנָה emunah is the feminine noun form of אֵמוּן emun which means “to be firm” and is concretely represented as a pillar; something that grabs hold or supports something else. אֱמוּנָה emunah is equivalent to the Greek word πίστις pístis (G4102) means “conviction” which is a firmly held belief or opinion.

Hebrews 3:1-19 Therefore, holy brothers, partakers of a heavenly calling, consider the Emissary and High Priest of our confession: Yeshua, 2 who was faithful to him who appointed him, as also Moses was in [His]^(mss) house (cf. Numbers 12:7). 3 For he has been counted worthy of more glory than Moses, because he who built the house has more honor than the house. 4 For every house is built by someone; but he who built all things is Elohim. 5 Moses indeed was faithful in all his house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were afterward to be spoken, 6 but Messiah is faithful as a Son over his house. We are his house, if we hold fast our confidence and the glorying of our [hope].^(mss) 7 Therefore, even as the Holy Spirit says, “Today if you will hear his voice, 8 don’t harden your hearts as in Meribah, the rebellion (cf. Psalms 95:8), in the day of Massah, the trial in the wilderness (cf. Exodus 17:7), 9 where your fathers tested me and tried me, and saw my deeds for forty years. 10 Therefore I was displeased with [this]^{(mss)(cf. Psalms 95:11; Psalms 94:10 LXX)} generation, and said, ‘They always err in their heart, but they didn’t know my ways.’ 11 As I swore in my wrath, ‘They will not enter into my rest.’ ” (cf. Psalms 95:7-11) 12 Beware, brothers, lest perhaps there might be in any one of you an evil heart of unbelief, in falling away from the living Elohim; 13 but exhort one another day by day, so long as it is called “today”, lest any one of you be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. 14 For we have become partakers of Messiah, if we hold the beginning of our confidence firm to the end, 15 while it is said, “Today if you will hear his voice, don’t harden your hearts, as in the rebellion.” (cf. Psalms 95:7-8) 16 For who, when they heard, rebelled? Wasn’t it all those who came out of Egypt led by Moses? 17 With whom was he displeased forty years? Wasn’t it with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the wilderness? (cf. Exodus 32:23-28; Numbers 14:26-37; Psalms 106:23-27), 18 To whom did he swear that they wouldn’t enter into his rest, but to those who were disobedient? (cf. Deuteronomy 1:34-37; Psalms 95:11) 19 We see that they weren’t able to enter in because of unbelief.

What is unbelief? לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun (H3808 + H529) literally means to not have firm and complete trust and confidence in someone or something (i.e. no conviction, no firmly held belief or opinion). לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun equivalent to the Greek word ἀπιστίαν apistia (G570) which is unfaithfulness or faithlessness (of persons betraying a trust) and means infidelity in modern Greek.

Deuteronomy 32:15-20 [But Jacob ate his fill.]^(LXX) Jeshurun grew fat, and kicked. You have grown fat. You have grown thick. You have become sleek. Then he abandoned Elohim who made him, and rejected [Elohim]^(LXX) of his salvation. 16 They moved him to zeal with strange elohim. They provoked him to anger with abominations. 17 They slaughtered to demons, not Elohim, to elohim that they didn’t know, to new elohim that came up recently, which your fathers didn’t dread. 18 Of the [Elohim]^(LXX) who became your father, you are unmindful, and have forgotten Elohim who gave you birth. 19 YHWH saw and abhorred, because of the provocation of his sons and his daughters. 20 He said, “I will hide my face from them. I will see what their end will be; for they are a very perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith (לֹא אֵמֻן lo emun).
Mark 9:14-29 Coming to the disciples, he saw a great multitude around them, and scribes questioning them. 15 Immediately all the multitude, when they saw him, were greatly amazed, and running to him, greeted him. 16 He asked [them],^(mss) “What are you asking them?” 17 One of the multitude answered [him],^(mss) “Rabbi, I brought to you my son, who has a mute spirit; 18 and wherever it seizes him, it throws him down; and he foams at the mouth, grinds his teeth, and becomes rigid. I asked your disciples to cast it out, and they weren’t able.” 19 He answered him, “Unbelieving generation, how long shall I be with you? How long shall I bear with you? Bring him to me.” 20 They brought him to him, and when he saw him, immediately the spirit convulsed him and he fell on the ground, wallowing and foaming at the mouth. 21 He asked his father, “How long has it been since this has been happening to him?” He said, “From childhood. 22 Often it has cast him both into the fire and into the water to destroy him. But if you can do anything, have compassion on us and help us.” 23 Yeshua said to him, “[If you can?]^(mss)All things are possible to him who believes.” 24 Immediately the father of the child [cried out],^(mss)“I believe. Help my unbelief!” 25 When Yeshua saw that a multitude came running together, he rebuked the unclean spirit, saying to him, “You [deaf and mute]^(mss) spirit, I command you, come out of him, and never enter him again!” 26 After crying out and convulsing him greatly, it came out of him. The boy became like one dead, so much that most of them said, “He is dead.” 27 But Yeshua took him by the hand and raised him up; and he arose. 28 When he had come into the house, his disciples asked him privately, “Why couldn’t we cast it out?” 29 He said to them, “This kind can come out by nothing but by prayer and fasting.”
- Matthew 17:19-20 Then the disciples came to Yeshua privately, and said, “Why weren’t we able to cast it out?” 20 He said to them, “Because of your unbelief. For most certainly I tell you, if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you will tell this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move; and nothing will be impossible for you…”

Hebrews 4:8-13 For if Joshua had given them rest, he would not have spoken afterward of another day. 9 There remains therefore a Sabbath rest for the people of Elohim. 10 For he who has entered into his rest has himself also rested from his works, as Elohim did from his. 11 Let’s therefore give diligence to enter into that rest, lest anyone fall after the same example of disobedience. 12 For the word of Elohim is living and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and is able to discern the thoughts and intentions of the heart. 13 There is no creature that is hidden from his sight, but all things are naked and laid open before the eyes of him to whom we must give an account.

Does anyone have specific questions or need any clarification from what was said during the Summary or Exhortation?

Application & Discussion
Living the Word and following Yeshua (Acts 2:37; Romans 2:13)
Questions, input, and sharpening (Proverbs 27:17; Luke 2:46)

Romans 2:13 For it isn’t the hearers of the Torah who are righteous before Elohim, but the doers of the Torah will be justified.

James 1:22 But be doers of the word, and not only hearers, deluding your own selves.

- 1. 1. What questions or comments came up during your family’s discussion of this week’s study?
    2. “What other related Scriptures did you find during your study of this week’s portion?”
    3. Have you ever experienced something from this study or something related to it?
    4. “What changes do you need to make in your life to align with what you learned during this week’s Torah Study?”

Additional Notes

Isaiah 52:13 – 53:12
1. Isaiah 52:13 Behold, my servant will deal wisely. He will be exalted and lifted up, and will be very high. 14 Just as many were astonished at [him]^(DSS)^(SP)— his appearance was marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men— 15 so he will cleanse many nations. Kings will shut their mouths at him; for they will see that which had not been told them, and they will understand that which they had not heard. (cf. Romans 15:21)
  1. Romans 15:15-21 But I write the more boldly to you in part as reminding you, because of the grace that was given to me by Elohim, 16 that I should be a servant of Messiah Yeshua to the Nations, serving as a priest of the Good News of Elohim, that the offering up of the Nations might be made acceptable, sanctified by the Holy Spirit. 17 I have therefore my boasting in Messiah Yeshua in things pertaining to Elohim. 18 For I will not dare to speak of any things except those which Messiah worked through me for the obedience of the Nations, by word and deed, 19 in the power of signs and wonders, in the power of the Spirit of Elohim; so that from Jerusalem and around as far as to Illyricum, I have fully preached the Good News of Messiah; 20 yes, making it my aim to proclaim the Good News, not where Messiah was already named, that I might not build on another’s foundation. 21 But, as it is written, “They will see, to whom no news of him came. They who haven’t heard will understand.” (cf. Isaiah 52:15)
2. Isaiah 53:1 [YHWH],^(LXX) who has believed our message? (cf. John 12:37-38; Romans 10:16-17) To whom has the arm of YHWH been revealed? 2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. 3 [We despised him]^(DSS) and we did not value him, a man of suffering and [familiar]^{(DSS)(SP)(LXX)} with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn’t respect him. 4 Surely he has borne our sickness and carried our suffering (cf. Matthew 8:17); yet we considered him plagued and struck by Elohim, and afflicted. 5 But he was pierced for our transgressions (cf. Matthew 27:35, 1:21; 2 Co 5:21; Ephesians 1:7; 1 Peter 2:24; 1 John 1:7; Revelation 1:5) [and]^(DSS)^(LXX) he was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought our peace was on him; and by his wounds we are healed (cf. Mark 14:65; Matthew 27:26; 1 Peter 2:24). 6 All we like sheep have gone astray (cf. 1 Peter 2:24-25). Everyone has turned to his own way; and YHWH has laid on him the iniquity of us all. 7 He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he didn’t open his mouth. As a [sheep]^(LXX) that is led to the slaughter, and as a [lamb]^(LXX) that before its shearers is silent, so he didn’t open his mouth. 8 [In his oppression his justice was taken away].^(LXX) Who will consider his generation? [For his life]^(LXX) was cut off from the land. [For the transgression of my people he was led to death].^(LXX) 9 [They]^(LXX) made his grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in his death, although he had done no [sin],^(LXX) nor was any deceit [found]^(LXX) in his mouth (cf. 1 Peter 2:22). 10 Yet it pleased YHWH to bruise him and make him ill. When you make his soul an offering for sin, he will see his seed. He will prolong his days and the pleasure of YHWH will prosper in his hand. 11 After the suffering of his soul, he will see [light]^(DSS)^(LXX) and [form him with understanding].^(LXX)My righteous servant will make many righteous and he will bear their iniquities. 12 Therefore I will give him a portion with the great. He will divide the plunder with the strong; because he poured out his soul to death and was counted with the transgressors (cf. Mark 15:28; Luke 22:37); yet he bore the [sins]^(DSS)^(LXX) of many (cf. Hebrews 9:28) and made intercession for [their transgressions].^(DSS)^(LXX)
Romans 10:1-21
1. Romans 10:1 Brothers, my heart’s desire and my prayer to Elohim is for [them],^(mss) that they may be saved. 2 For I testify about them that they have a zeal for Elohim, but not according to knowledge. 3 For being ignorant of the righteousness of Elohim, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, they didn’t subject themselves to the righteousness of Elohim. 4 For Messiah is the goal of the Torah for righteousness to everyone who believes. 5 For Moses writes about the righteousness of the Torah, “The one who does them will live by them.” (cf. Leviticus 18:5) 6 But the righteousness which is of faith says this, “Don’t say in your heart, ‘Who will ascend into the heavens?’ (cf. Deuteronomy 30:12) That is, to bring Messiah down; 7 or, ‘Who will descend into the abyss?’ (cf. Deuteronomy 30:13) That is, to bring Messiah up from the dead.” 8 But what does it say? “The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart;” (cf. Deuteronomy 30:14) that is, the word of faith which we proclaim: 9 that if you will confess with your mouth that Yeshua is Lord and believe in your heart that Elohim raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 For with the heart one believes resulting in righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made resulting in salvation. 11 For the Scripture says, “Whoever believes in him will not be disappointed.” (cf. Isaiah 28:16) 12 For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek; for the same Lord is Lord of all, and is rich to all who call on him. 13 For, “Whoever will call on the name of the Lord will be saved.” (cf. Joel 2:32) 14 How then will they call on him in whom they have not believed? How will they believe in him whom they have not heard? How will they hear without a proclaimer? 15 And how will they proclaim unless they are sent? As it is written: “How beautiful are the feet of those who proclaim the Good News of peace, who bring glad tidings of good things!” (cf. Isaiah 52:7) 16 But they didn’t all listen to the good news. For Isaiah says, “Lord, who has believed our report?” (cf. Isaiah 53:1) 17 So faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of [Messiah].^(mss) 18 But I say, didn’t they hear? Yes, most certainly, “Their sound went out into all the land, their words to the ends of the world.” (cf. Psalms 19:4) 19 But I ask, didn’t Israel know? First Moses says, “I will provoke you to zeal with that which is no nation. I will make you angry with a nation void of understanding.” (cf. Deuteronomy 32:21) 20 Isaiah is very bold and says, “I was found by those who didn’t seek me. I was revealed to those who didn’t ask for me.” (cf. Isaiah 65:1) 21 But about Israel he says, “All day long I stretched out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people.” (cf. Isaiah 65:2)