• Torah (T): Shemot (Exodus) 12:1-51
• Prophets (P): Jeremiah 46:13-28
• Apostolic (A): 1 Corinthians 5:1-13
• Additional (ADD): Jubilees 49:1-23

RELATED SCRIPTURES

• Exodus 5:1 (T)
• Exodus 12:1-12 (T)
• 1 Corinthians 5:1-8 (T)
• Matthew 26:1-5, 17-19; Mark 14:12-16 (T)
• Leviticus 23:4-8 (T)
• Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (T)
• Hebrews 11:24-28 (T)
• Ephesians 2:1-21 (T)
• Psalms 78:49-52; Psalms 105:36-39 (T)
• 1 Samuel 6:1-8 (T)
• Numbers 11:4-6; Nehemiah 13:1-3; Ezekiel 30:5; Ezekiel 16:35-38; Ezekiel 16:37 LXX (T)
• Genesis 15:13-16; Exodus 12:40 LXX; Acts 7:6-7; Galatians 3:15-17 (T)
• John 19:30-36; Psalms 34:19-20 (T)
• Numbers 9:9-14; Numbers 15:13-16 (T)
• Ephesians 2:1-21 (T)
• 1 Corinthians 11:18-34 (T)
• Romans 2:1-29 (T)
• Exodus 12:43-49 LXX (T)
• Micah 6:1-4 (T)
• Numbers 1:1-3; Numbers 14:26-33; Numbers 32:10-13 (T)
• John 19:30-36; Psalms 34:19-20; Exodus 12:43-46 (ADD)

RELATED ADDITIONAL READINGS

• The Temple Scroll 11QT Column 17 (T)
• Jubilees 17:15 – 18:13 (T)
• Exodus 12:1-51 from the Jerusalem Targum aka Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (T)
• Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus 2.14.6, 3.10.5 (T)
• Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus 2.15.1-2

Note: (T) means the verse relates to that week’s Torah portion. (P) means the verse relates to that week’s Prophets portion. (A) means the verse relates to that week’s Apostolic portion. (ADD) means the verse relates to that week’s Additional portion.

Torah Portion (T)

12:1 YHWH spoke to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, 2 “This month shall be to you the beginning of months. It shall be the first month of the year to you. 3 Speak to all the congregation of [the sons of]^{(DSS)(SP)(LXX)} Israel, saying, ‘On the tenth day of this month, they shall take to them every man a lamb [for each household, a lamb according to the fathers' households].^(DSS) 4 and if the household is too little for a lamb, then he and his neighbor next to his house shall take one according to the number of the souls. You shall make your count for the lamb according to what everyone can eat. 5 Your lamb shall be without defect, a male a year old. You shall take it from the sheep or from the goats. 6 You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the month; and the whole assembly of the congregation of [the sons of]^{(DSS)(SP)(LXX)} Israel shall kill [them]^(DSS) at evening. 7 They shall take some of the blood, and put it on the two door posts and on the lintel, on the houses in which they shall eat it. 8 They shall eat the meat in that night, roasted with fire, with unleavened bread. They shall eat it with bitter herbs. 9 Don't eat it raw, nor [cooked or boiled]^(DSS) with water, but roasted with fire; with its head, its legs and its inner parts. 10 You shall let nothing of it remain until the morning [and a bone of it you shall not break];^(LXX) but that which remains of it until the morning you shall burn with fire. 11 This is how you shall eat it: with your belt on your waist, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste: it is the Pesach of YHWH. 12 For I will go through the land of Egypt in that night, and will strike all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and animal. I will execute judgments against all the Elohim of Egypt. I am YHWH. 13 The blood shall be to you for a sign on the houses where you are. When I see the blood, I will [shelter]^(LXX) you, and no plague will be on you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt. 14 This day shall be a memorial for you. You shall hold a feast to YHWH. You shall hold a feast throughout your generations by a statute forever. 15 Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; even the first day you shall put away leaven out of your houses, for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. 16 In the first day there shall be to you a holy convocation, and in the seventh day a holy convocation; no kind of work shall be done in them, except that which every man must eat, only that may be done by you. 17 You shall guard the feast of unleavened bread; for in the bone of this day I have brought your armies out of the land of Egypt. Therefore you shall guard this day throughout your generations by a statute forever. 18 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread, until the twenty first day of the month at evening. 19 There shall be no leaven found in your houses for seven days, for whoever eats that which is leavened, that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he is a stranger, or one who is born in the land. 20 You shall eat nothing leavened. In all your habitations you shall eat unleavened bread.' ” 21 Then Moses called for all the elders of [the sons of]^(LXX) Israel, and said to them, “Draw out, and take lambs according to your families, and kill the Pesach. 22 You shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and strike the lintel and the two door posts with the blood that is in the basin. None of you shall go out of the door of his house until the morning. 23 For YHWH will cross over to strike the Egyptians; and when he sees the blood on the lintel, and on the two door posts, YHWH will hop over the door, and will not allow the destroyer to come in to your houses to strike you. 24 You shall guard this word for a statute to you and to your sons forever. 25 It shall happen when you have come to the land which YHWH will give you, as he has promised, that you shall keep this service. 26 It will happen, when your children ask you, ‘What do you mean by this service?' 27 that you shall say, ‘It is the slaughter of the Pesach of YHWH, who [sheltered]^(LXX) the houses of the sons of Israel in Egypt, when he struck the Egyptians, and spared our houses.' ” The people bowed their heads and did bow down. 28 The sons of Israel went and did so; as YHWH had commanded Moses and Aaron, so they did. 29 At midnight, YHWH struck all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of livestock. 30 Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was not a house where there was not one dead. 31 He called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, “Rise up, get out from among my people, both you and the sons of Israel; and go, serve YHWH [your Elohim],^(LXX) as you have said! 32 Take both your flocks and your herds, as you have said, and be gone; and bless me also!” 33 The Egyptians were urgent with the people, to send them out of the land in haste, for they said, “We are all dead men.” 34 The people took their dough before it was leavened, their kneading troughs being bound up in their clothes on their shoulders. 35 The sons of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they asked of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and clothing. 36 YHWH gave the people favor in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they let them have what they asked. They plundered the Egyptians. 37 The sons of Israel traveled from Rameses to Sukkot, about six hundred thousand on foot who were men, in addition to little ones. 38 A mixed multitude went up also with them, with flocks, herds, and even very much livestock. 39 They baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought out of Egypt; for it wasn't leavened, [because Egypt thrust them out],^(DSS)(LXX) and they were not able to linger, and they had not prepared any food for themselves. 40 Now the time that the sons of Israel lived in Egypt [and Canaan]^(LXX)(SP) was four hundred thirty years. 41 At the end of four hundred thirty years, in the bone of this day, all of the armies of YHWH went out from the land of Egypt. 42 It is a night of safeguardings to YHWH for bringing them out from the land of Egypt. This is that night of YHWH, safeguardings by all the sons of Israel throughout their generations. 43 YHWH said to Moses and Aaron, “This is the statute of the Pesach. No son of a foreigner shall eat of it, 44 but every man's servant who is bought for money, when you have circumcised him, then shall he eat of it. 45 A sojourner and a hired-servant shall not eat of it. 46 It must be eaten in one house. Do not carry any of the meat outside of the house. Do not break any of its bones. 47 All the congregation of Israel shall do it. 48 When a sojourner sojourns with you, and would like to do the Pesach to YHWH, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and do it. He shall be as one who is born in the land; but no uncircumcised person shall eat of it. 49 One Torah shall be to him who is born at home, and to the sojourner who sojourns among you.” 50 All the sons of Israel did so. As YHWH commanded Moses and Aaron, so they did. 51 That same day, YHWH brought the sons of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies.

Prophets Portion (P)

46:13 The word that YHWH spoke to Jeremiah the prophet, how that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon should come and strike the land of Egypt: 14 “Declare in Egypt, publish in Migdol, and publish in Memphis and in Tahpanhes; say, ‘Stand up, and prepare, for the sword has devoured around you.’ 15 Why are your strong ones swept away? They didn’t stand, because YHWH pushed them. 16 He made many to stumble. Yes, they fell on one another. They said, ‘Arise! Let’s go again to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.’ 17 They cried there, ‘Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a noise; he has let the appointed time pass by.’ 18 “As I live,” says the King, whose name is YHWH of Armies, “surely like Tabor among the mountains, and like Carmel by the sea, so he will come. 19 You daughter who dwells in Egypt, furnish yourself to go into captivity; for Memphis will become a desolation, and will be burned up, without inhabitant. 20 “Egypt is a very beautiful heifer; but destruction out of the north has come. It has come. 21 Also her hired men in the middle of her are like calves of the stall, for they also are turned back. They have fled away together. They didn’t stand, for the day of their calamity has come on them, the time of their inspection. 22 Its sound will go like the nachash, for they will march with an army, and come against her with axes, as wood cutters. 23 They will cut down her forest,” says YHWH, “though it can’t be searched; because they are more than the locusts, and are innumerable. 24 The daughter of Egypt will be disappointed; she will be delivered into the hand of the people of the north.” 25 YHWH of Armies, the Elohim of Israel, says: “Behold, I will punish Amon of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with her elohim and her kings, even Pharaoh, and those who trust in him. 26 I will deliver them into the hand of those who seek their lives, and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of his servants. Afterwards it will be inhabited, as in the days of old,” says YHWH. 27 “But don’t you be afraid, Jacob my servant. Don’t be dismayed, Israel; for, behold, I will save you from afar, and your seed from the land of their captivity. Jacob will return, and will be quiet and at ease. No one will make him afraid. 28 Don’t be afraid, O Jacob my servant,” says YHWH, “for I am with you; for I will make a full end of all the nations where I have driven you, but I will not make a full end of you, but I will correct you in measure, and will in no way leave you unpunished.”

Apostolic Portion (A)

5:1 It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you, and such sexual immorality as is not even among the Gentiles, that one has his father’s wife. 2 You are arrogant, and didn’t mourn instead, that he who had done this deed might be removed from among you. 3 For I most certainly, as being absent in body but present in spirit, have already, as though I were present, judged him who has done this thing. 4 In the name of our Lord [Yeshua],^(mss) when you are gathered together with my spirit with the power of our Lord [Yeshua],^(mss) 5 you are to deliver such a one to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of [YHWH].^(mss) 6 Your boasting is not good. Don’t you know that a little yeast leavens the whole lump? 7 Purge out the old yeast, that you may be a new lump, even as you are unleavened. For indeed Messiah, our Passover, has been sacrificed [for us].^(mss) 8 Therefore let’s keep the feast, not with old yeast, neither with the yeast of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. 9 I wrote to you in my letter to have no company with sexual sinners; 10 yet not at all meaning with the sexual sinners of this world, or with the covetous and extortionists, or with idolaters, for then you would have to leave the world. 11 But as it is, I wrote to you not to associate with anyone who is called a brother who is a sexual sinner, or covetous, or an idolater, or a slanderer, or a drunkard, or an extortionist. Don’t even eat with such a person. 12 For what do I have to do with also judging those who are outside? Don’t you judge those who are within? 13 But those who are outside, God judges. “Put away the wicked man from among yourselves.” (cf. Deuteronomy 17:7; 19:19; 21:21; 22:21; 24:7)

Additional Portion (ADD)

Between 1947 and 1956 approximately 15 Jubilees scrolls were found in five caves at Qumran, all written in Hebrew. The large number of manuscripts (more than for any biblical books except for Psalms, Deuteronomy, Isaiah, Exodus, and Genesis, in descending order) indicates that Jubilees was widely used at Qumran. A comparison of the Qumran texts with the Ethiopic version, performed by James VanderKam, found that the Ethiopic was in most respects an accurate and literalistic translation. Scholars have dated Jubilees to have been written sometime around 160-150 B.C.

49:1 Remember the commandment which YHWH commanded you concerning the Pesach, that you should celebrate it in its season on the fourteenth of the first month, that you should kill it before it is evening, and that they should eat it by night on the evening of the fifteenth from the time of the setting of the sun. 2 For on this night -the beginning of the festival and the beginning of the joy- you were eating the Pesach in Egypt, when all the powers of Mastema had been let loose to slay all the first-born in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of Pharaoh to the first-born of the captive maid-servant in the mill, and to the cattle. 3 And this is the sign which YHWH gave them: Into every house on the lintels of which they saw the blood of a lamb of the first year, into that house they should not enter to slay, but should pass by it, that all those should be saved that were in the house because the sign of the blood was on its lintels. 4 And the powers of YHWH did everything according as YHWH commanded them, and they passed by all the children of Yisrael, and the plague came not upon them to destroy from amongst them any soul either of cattle, or man, or dog. 5 And the plague was very grievous in Egypt, and there was no house in Egypt where there was not one dead, and weeping and lamentation. 6 And all Yisrael was eating the flesh of the paschal lamb, and drinking the wine, and was lauding, and blessing, and giving thanks to YHWH Almighty of their fathers, and was ready to go forth from under the yoke of Egypt, and from the evil bondage. 7 And remember you this day all the days of your life, and observe it from year to year all the days of your life, once a year, on its day, according to all the Torah thereof, and do not adjourn it from day to day, or from month to month. 8 For it is an eternal ordinance, and engraved on the heavenly tablets regarding all the children of Yisrael that they should observe it every year on its day once a year, throughout all their generations; and there is no limit of days, for this is ordained forever. 9 And the man who is free from uncleanness, and does not come to observe it on occasion of its day, so as to bring an acceptable offering before YHWH, and to eat and to drink before YHWH on the day of its festival, that man who is clean and close at hand will be cut off: because he offered not the oblation of YHWH in its appointed season, he will take the guilt upon himself. 10 Let the children of Yisrael come and observe the Pesach on the day of its fixed time, on the fourteenth day of the first month, between the evenings, from the third part of the day to the third part of the night, for two portions of the day are given to the light, and a third part to the evening. 11 This is that which YHWH commanded you that you should observe it between the evenings. 12 And it is not permissible to slay it during any period of the light, but during the period bordering on the evening, and let them eat it at the time of the evening, until the third part of the night, and whatever is left over of all its flesh from the third part of the night and onwards, let them burn it with fire. 13 And they will not cook it with water, nor will they eat it raw, but roast on the fire: they will eat it with diligence, its head with the inwards thereof and its feet they will roast with fire, and not break any bone thereof; for of the children of Yisrael no bone will be crushed. 14 For this reason YHWH commanded the children of Yisrael to observe the Pesach on the day of its fixed time, and they will not break a bone thereof; for it is a festival day, and a day commanded, and there may be no passing over from day to day, and month to month, but on the day of its festival let it be observed. 15 And do you command the children of Yisrael to observe the Pesach throughout their days, every year, once a year on the day of its fixed time, and it will come for a memorial well pleasing before YHWH, and no plague will come upon them to slay or to smite in that year in which they celebrate the Pesach in its season in every respect according to His command. 16 And they will not eat it outside the sanctuary of YHWH, but before the sanctuary of YHWH, and all the people of the congregation of Yisrael will celebrate it in its appointed season. 17 And every man who has come upon its day will eat it in the sanctuary of your Almighty before YHWH from twenty years old and upward; for thus is it written and ordained that they should eat it in the sanctuary of YHWH. 18 And when the children of Yisrael come into the land which they are to possess, into the land of Canaan, and set up the tabernacle of YHWH in the midst of the land in one of their tribes until the sanctuary of YHWH has been built in the land, let them come and celebrate the Pesach in the midst of the tabernacle of YHWH, and let them slay it before YHWH from year to year. 19 And in the days when the house has been built in the name of YHWH in the land of their inheritance, they will go there and slay the Pesach in the evening, at sunset, at the third part of the day. 20 And they will offer its blood on the threshold of the altar, and will place its fat on the fire which is upon the altar, and they will eat its flesh roasted with fire in the court of the house which has been sanctified in the name of YHWH. 21 And they may not celebrate the Pesach in their cities, nor in any place save before the tabernacle of YHWH, or before His house where His name has dwelt; and they will not go astray from YHWH. 22 And do you, Mosheh, command the children of Yisrael to observe the ordinances of the Pesach, as it was commanded to you; declare you unto them every year and the day of its days, and the festival of unleavened bread, that they should eat unleavened bread seven days, and that they should observe its festival, and that they bring an oblation every day during those seven days of joy before YHWH on the altar of YHWH your Almighty. 23 For you celebrated this festival with haste when you went forth from Egypt till you entered into the wilderness of Shur; for on the shore of the sea you completed it.

Related Scriptures

5:1 Afterward Moses and Aaron came, and said to Pharaoh, “This is what YHWH, the Elohim of Israel, says, ‘Let my people go, that they may hold a feast to me in the wilderness.’ ”

12:1 YHWH spoke to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, 2 “This month will be to you the beginning of months. It will be the first month of the year to you. 3 Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying, ‘On the tenth day of this month, they will take to them every man a lamb, according to their fathers’ houses, a lamb for a household; 4 and if the household is too little for a lamb, then he and his neighbor next to his house will take one according to the number of the souls. You will make your count for the lamb according to what everyone can eat. 5 Your lamb will be without defect, a male a year old. You will take it from the sheep or from the goats. 6 You will keep it until the fourteenth day of the month; and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel will kill it at evening. 7 They will take some of the blood, and put it on the two door posts and on the lintel, on the houses in which they will eat it. 8 They will eat the meat in that night, roasted with fire, with unleavened bread. They will eat it with bitter herbs. 9 Don’t eat it raw, nor boiled at all with water, but roasted with fire; with its head, its legs and its inner parts. 10 You will let nothing of it remain until the morning; but that which remains of it until the morning you will burn with fire. 11 This is how you will eat it: with your belt on your waist, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you will eat it in haste: it is the Pesach of YHWH. 12 For I will go through the land of Egypt in that night, and will strike all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and animal. I will execute judgments against all the Elohim of Egypt. I am YHWH.

Matthew 26:1 When Yeshua had finished all these words, he said to his disciples, 2 “You know that after two days the Pesach is coming, and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified.” 3 Then the chief priests, the scribes, and the elders of the people were gathered together in the court of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas. 4 They took counsel together that they might take Yeshua by deceit and kill him. 5 But they said, “Not during the feast, lest a riot occur among the people.”… 17 Now on the first day of unleavened bread, the disciples came to Yeshua, saying to him, “Where do you want us to prepare for you to eat the Pesach?” 18 He said, “Go into the city to a certain person, and tell him, ‘The Rabbi says, “My time is at hand. I will guard the Pesach at your house with my disciples.” ‘ ” 19 The disciples did as Yeshua commanded them, and they prepared the Pesach.

Mark 12:12 On the first day of unleavened bread, when they slaughtered the Pesach, his disciples asked him, “Where do you want us to go and prepare that you may eat the Pesach?” 13 He sent two of his disciples and said to them, “Go into the city, and there a man carrying a pitcher of water will meet you. Follow him, 14 and wherever he enters in, tell the owner of the house, ‘The Rabbi says, “Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Pesach with my disciples?” ‘ 15 He will himself show you a large upper room furnished and ready. Get ready for us there.” 16 His disciples went out, and came into the city, and found things as he had said to them, and they prepared the Pesach.

23:4 These are the set feasts of YHWH, even holy convocations, which you will proclaim in their appointed season. 5 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month in the evening, is the Pesach of YHWH. 6 On the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread to YHWH. Seven days you will eat unleavened bread. 7 In the first day you will have a holy convocation. You will do no work of service. 8 But you will offer an offering made by fire to YHWH seven days. In the seventh day is a holy convocation. You will do no work of service.’ ”

16:1 Observe the month of Aviv, and guard the Pesach to YHWH your Elohim; for in the month of Aviv YHWH your Elohim brought you out of Egypt by night. 2 You will slaughter the Pesach to YHWH your Elohim, of the flock and the herd, in the place which YHWH will choose to cause his name to dwell there. 3 You will eat no leavened bread with it. You will eat unleavened bread with it seven days, even the bread of affliction (for you came out of the land of Egypt in haste) that you may remember the day when you came out of the land of Egypt all the days of your life. 4 No leaven will be seen with you in all your borders seven days; neither will any of the meat, which you slaughter the first day at evening, remain all night until the morning. 5 You may not slaughter the Pesach within any of your gates which YHWH your Elohim gives you; 6 but at the place which YHWH your Elohim will choose to cause his name to dwell in, there you will slaughter the Pesach at evening, at the going down of the sun, at the season that you came out of Egypt. 7 You will roast and eat it in the place which YHWH your Elohim chooses. In the morning you will return to your tents. 8 Six days you will eat unleavened bread. On the seventh day will be a closing assembly to YHWH your Elohim. You will do no work.

11:24 By faith Moses, when he had grown up, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter, 25 choosing rather to share ill treatment with Elohim’s people than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a time, 26 considering the reproach of the Messiah greater riches than the treasures of Egypt; for he looked to the reward. 27 By faith he left Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king; for he endured, as seeing him who is invisible. 28 By faith he kept the Pesach and the sprinkling of the blood, that the destroyer of the firstborn should not touch them.

2:1 You were made alive when you were dead in transgressions and sins, 2 in which you once walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the children of disobedience. 3 We also all once lived among them in the coveting of our flesh, doing the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, even as the rest. 4 But Elohim, being rich in mercy, for his great love with which he loved us, 5 even when we were dead through our trespasses, made us alive together with Messiah—by grace you have been saved— 6 and raised us up with him, and made us to sit with him in the heavenly places in Messiah Yeshua, 7 that in the ages to come he might show the exceeding riches of his grace in kindness toward us in Messiah Yeshua; 8 for by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of Elohim, 9 not of works, that no one would boast. 10 For we are his workmanship, created in Messiah Yeshua for good works, which Elohim prepared before that we would walk in them. 11 Therefore remember that once you, the Nations in the flesh, who are called “uncircumcision” by that which is called “circumcision,” in the flesh, made by hands, 12 that you were at that time separate from Messiah, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of the promise, having no hope and without Elohim in the world. 13 But now in Messiah Yeshua you who once were far off are made near in the blood of Messiah. 14 For he is our peace, who made both one, and broke down the middle wall of separation, 15 having abolished in his flesh the hostility, the law of commandments contained in decrees, (cf. Colossians 2:14) that he might create in himself one new man of the two, making peace, 16 and might reconcile them both in one body to Elohim through the cross, having killed the hostility through it. 17 He came and preached peace to you who were far off and to those who were near. 18 For through him we both have our access in one Spirit to the Father. 19 So then you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but you are fellow citizens with the holy ones and of the household of Elohim, 20 being built on the foundation of the emissaries and prophets, Messiah Yeshua himself being the chief cornerstone; 21 in whom the whole building, fitted together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord; 22 in whom you also are built together for a habitation of Elohim in the Spirit.

Psalms 78:49 He threw on them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, indignation, and trouble, and a band of angels of evil. 50 He made a path for his anger. He didn’t spare their soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence, 51 and struck all the firstborn in Egypt, the chief of their strength in the tents of Ham. 52 But he led out his own people like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock.

Psalms 105:36 He struck also all the firstborn in their land, the first fruits of all their manhood. 37 He brought them out with silver and gold. There was not one feeble person among his tribes. 38 Egypt was glad when they departed, for the fear of them had fallen on them. 39 He spread a cloud for a covering, fire to give light in the night.

6:1 The ark of YHWH was in the country of the Philistines seven months. 2 The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, “What will we do with the ark of YHWH? Show us how we should send it to its place.” 3 They said, “If you send away the ark of the Elohim of Israel, don’t send it empty; but by all means return a trespass offering to him. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.” 4 Then they said, “What should the trespass offering be which we will return to him?” They said, “Five golden tumors and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords. 5 Therefore you will make images of your tumors and images of your mice that mar the land; and you will give glory to the Elohim of Israel. Perhaps he will release his hand from you, from your elohim, and from your land. 6 Why then do you make your hearts heavy as the Egyptians and Pharaoh made their hearts heavy? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn’t they let the people go, and they departed? 7 “Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart and two milk cows on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them; 8 and take the ark of YHWH and lay it on the cart. Put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a box by its side; and send it away, that it may go.

Numbers 11:4 The mixed multitude* that was among them coveted exceedingly; and the sons of Israel also wept again, and said, “Who will give us meat to eat? 5 We remember the fish, which we ate in Egypt for nothing; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic; 6 now our souls are dry, without anything except for the manna before our eyes.”

Nehemiah 13:1 On that day they read in the book of Moses in the hearing of the people; and it was found written in it that an Ammonite and a Moabite should not enter into the assembly of Elohim forever, 2 because they didn’t meet the sons of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Balaam against them to curse them; however, our Elohim turned the curse into a blessing. 3 It came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated all the mixed^† multitude from Israel.

Ezekiel 30:1 The word of YHWH came again to me, saying, 2 “Son of man, prophesy, and say, ‘The Lord YHWH says: “Wail, ‘Alas for the day!’ 3 For the day is near, even the day of YHWH is near. It will be a day of clouds, a time of the nations. 4 A sword will come on Egypt, and anguish will be in Ethiopia, when the slain fall in Egypt. They take away her multitude, and her foundations are broken down. 5 “Ethiopia, Put, Lud, all the mixed^† people, Cub, and the sons of the land that is allied with them, will fall with them by the sword.”

Ezekiel 16:35 “Therefore, whore, hear the word of YHWH: 36 ‘The Lord YHWH says, “Because your filthiness was poured out, and your nakedness uncovered through your prostitution with your lovers; and because of all the idols of your abominations, and for the blood of your children, that you gave to them; 37 therefore see, I will gather all your lovers, with whom you have taken pleasure^‡, and all those whom you have loved, with all those whom you have hated. I will even gather them against you on every side, and will uncover your nakedness to them, that they may see all your nakedness. 38 I will judge you as women who break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will bring on you the blood of wrath and zeal.

Ezekiel 16:37 Septuagint (LXX) Therefore, behold, I will gather all your lovers with whom you have intermixed^§, and all whom you have loved, with all whom you did hate; and I will gather them against you round about, and will expose your wickedness to them, and they will see all your shame.

• • * Hebrew אֲסַפְסֻף Aspesuph (H628) – A gathering of people; collection, rabble, collected multitude
  • † Hebrew עֵרֶב Erev (H6154) – mixture of cords when weaving (weft or weft), mingled, mixed people, mixed company; also translated as Arabia in some versions of Ezekiel 30:5
  • ‡ Hebrew עָרַב Arav (H6149) – to be pleasant, be sweet, be pleasing
  • § Greek επίμικτος epímiktos – intermixed or mixed multitude

In the Greek Septuagint (LXX), both אֲסַפְסֻף (aspesuph) and עֵרֶב (erev) are translated to the same Greek word επίμικτος (epímiktos) meaning intermixed or mixed multitude.

Genesis 15:13 He said to Abram, “Know for sure that your seed will live as sojourners in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them. They will afflict them four hundred years. 14 I will also judge that nation, whom they will serve. Afterward they will come out with great wealth; 15 but you will go to your fathers in peace. You will be buried at a good old age. 16 In the fourth generation they will come here again, for the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full.”

Exodus 12:40 Septuagint (LXX) And the sojourning of the sons of Israel, while they sojourned in the land of Egypt and the land of Canaan, was four hundred and thirty years.

Acts 7:6 Elohim spoke in this way: that his seed would live as sojourners in a strange land, and that they would be enslaved and mistreated for four hundred years. 7 ‘I will judge the nation to which they will be in bondage,’ said Elohim, ‘and after that they will come out and serve me in this place.’

Galatians 3:15 Brothers, speaking of human terms, though it is only a man’s covenant, yet when it has been confirmed, no one makes it void or adds to it. 16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. He doesn’t say, “To descendants”, as of many, but as of one, “To your seed”, which is Messiah. 17 Now I say this: A covenant confirmed beforehand by Elohim in Messiah, the law, which came four hundred thirty years after, does not annul, so as to make the promise of no effect.

John 19:30 When Yeshua therefore had received the vinegar, he said, “It is finished!” Then he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. 31 Therefore the Judeans, because it was the Preparation Day, so that the bodies wouldn’t remain on the cross on the Sabbath, for that Sabbath was a special one, asked of Pilate that their legs might be broken and that they might be taken away. 32 Therefore the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first and of the other who was crucified with him; 33 but when they came to Yeshua and saw that he was already dead, they didn’t break his legs. 34 However, one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out. 35 He who has seen has witnessed, and his witness is true. He knows that he tells the truth, that you may believe. 36 For these things happened that the Scripture might be fulfilled, “A bone of him will not be broken.”

Psalms 34:19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous, but YHWH delivers him out of them all. 20 He protects all of his bones. Not one of them is broken.

Numbers 9:9 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying, 10 “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘If any man of you or of your generations is unclean by reason of a dead body, or is on a journey far away, he will still do the Pesach to YHWH. 11 In the second month, on the fourteenth day at evening they will do it; they will eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. 12 They will leave none of it until the morning, nor break a bone of it. According to all the statute of the Pesach they will do it. 13 But the man who is clean, and is not on a journey, and fails to do the Pesach, that soul will be cut off from his people. Because he didn’t offer the offering of YHWH in its appointed season, that man will bear his sin. 14 If a sojourners lives among you and desires to do the Pesach to YHWH, then he will do so according to the statute of the Pesach, and according to its statute. You will have one statute, both for the sojourners and for him who is born in the land.’ ”

Numbers 15:13 “All who are native will do these things in this way, in offering an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to YHWH. 14 If a sojourner will sojourn with you, or whoever may be among you throughout your generations, and will offer an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to YHWH, as you do, so he will do. 15 For the assembly, there will be one statute for you and for the sojourner who sojourns with you, a statute forever throughout your generations. As you are, so the sojourner will be before YHWH. 16 One law and one ordinance will be for you and for the sojourner who sojourns with you.”

11:18 For first of all, when you come together in the assembly, I hear that divisions exist among you, and I partly believe it. 19 For there also must be factions among you, that those who are approved may be revealed among you. 20 When therefore you assemble yourselves together, it is not the Lord’s supper that you eat. 21 For in your eating each one takes his own supper first. One is hungry, and another is drunken. 22 What, don’t you have houses to eat and to drink in? Or do you despise the assembly of Elohim and put them to shame who don’t have enough? What will I tell you? Will I praise you? In this I don’t praise you. 23 For I received from the Lord that which also I delivered to you, that the Lord Yeshua on the night in which he was betrayed took bread. 24 When he had given thanks, he broke it and said, “Take, eat. This is my body, which is broken for you. Do this in memory of me.” 25 In the same way he also took the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the renewed covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink, in memory of me.” 26 For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 27 Therefore whoever eats this bread or drinks the Lord’s cup in a way unworthy of the Lord will be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord. 28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of the bread and drink of the cup. 29 For he who eats and drinks in an unworthy way eats and drinks judgment to himself if he doesn’t discern the Lord’s body. 30 For this cause many among you are weak and sickly, and not a few sleep. 31 For if we discerned ourselves, we wouldn’t be judged. 32 But when we are judged, we are disciplined by the Lord, that we may not be condemned with the world. 33 Therefore, my brothers, when you come together to eat, wait for one another. 34 But if anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, lest your coming together be for judgment. The rest I will set in order whenever I come.

2:1 Therefore you are without excuse, O man, whoever you are who judge. For in that which you judge another, you condemn yourself. For you who judge practice the same things. 2 We know that the judgment of Elohim is according to truth against those who practice such things. 3 Do you think this, O man who judges those who practice such things, and do the same, that you will escape the judgment of Elohim? 4 Or do you despise the riches of his goodness, forbearance, and patience, not knowing that the goodness of Elohim leads you to repentance? 5 But according to your hardness and unrepentant heart you are treasuring up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath, revelation, and of the righteous judgment of Elohim, 6 who “will pay back to everyone according to their works:” 7 to those who by perseverance in well-doing seek for glory, honor, and incorruptibility, eternal life; 8 but to those who are self-seeking and don’t obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, will be wrath, indignation, 9 oppression, and anguish on every soul of man who does evil, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. 10 But glory, honor, and peace go to every man who does good, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. 11 For there is no partiality with Elohim. 12 For as many as have sinned without the law will also perish without the law. As many as have sinned under the law will be judged by the law. 13 For it isn’t the hearers of the law who are righteous before Elohim, but the doers of the law will be justified, 14 for when Nations who don’t have the law do by nature the things of the law, these, not having the law, are a law to themselves, 15 in that they show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience testifying with them, and their thoughts among themselves accusing or else excusing them, 16 in the day when Elohim will judge the secrets of men, according to my Good News, by Yeshua the Messiah. 17 Indeed you bear the name of a Jew, rest on the law, glory in Elohim, 18 know his will, and approve the things that are excellent, being instructed out of the law, 19 and are confident that you yourself are a guide of the blind, a light to those who are in darkness, 20 a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of babies, having in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth. 21 You therefore who teach another, don’t you teach yourself? You who proclaim that a man shouldn’t steal, do you steal? 22 You who say a man shouldn’t commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples? 23 You who glory in the law, do you dishonor Elohim by disobeying the law? 24 For “the name of Elohim is blasphemed among the Nations because of you,” just as it is written. 25 For circumcision indeed profits, if you are a doer of the law, but if you are a transgressor of the law, your circumcision has become uncircumcision. 26 If therefore the uncircumcised guard the ordinances of the law, won’t his uncircumcision be accounted as circumcision? 27 Won’t those who are physically uncircumcised, but fulfill the law, judge you, who with the letter and circumcision are a transgressor of the law? 28 For he is not a Jew who is one outwardly, neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh; 29 but he is a Jew who is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, not in the letter; whose praise is not from men, but from Elohim.

12:43 And the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, This is the law of the passover: no stranger shall eat of it. 44 And every slave or servant bought with money—him thou shalt circumcise, and then shall he eat of it. 45 A sojourner or hireling shall not eat of it. 46 In one house shall it be eaten, and you shall not carry of the flesh out from the house; (cf. John 19:36) and a bone of it you shall not break. 47 All the congregation of the sons of Israel shall keep it. 48 And if any convert will come to you to guard the Pesach to the Lord, you will circumcise every male of his, and then will he approach to slaughter it, and he will be even as the original inhabitant of the land; no uncircumcised person will eat of it. 49 There will be one law to the native, and to the convert coming among you.

6:1 Listen now to what YHWH says: “Arise, plead your case before the mountains, and let the hills hear what you have to say. 2 Hear, you mountains, YHWH’s indictment, and you enduring foundations of the land; for YHWH has a case against his people, and he will contend with Israel. 3 My people, what have I done to you? How have I burdened you? Answer me! 4 For I brought you up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage. I sent before you Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.

Numbers 1:1 YHWH spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Appointed Tent, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, saying, 2 “Take a census of all the congregation of the sons of Israel, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, every male, one by one, 3 from twenty years old and upward, all who are able to go out to war in Israel. You and Aaron will count them by their divisions.

Numbers 14:26 YHWH spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying, 27 “How long will I bear with this evil congregation that complain against me? I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel, which they complain against me. 28 Tell them, ‘As I live, says YHWH, surely as you have spoken in my ears, so I will do to you. 29 Your dead bodies will fall in this wilderness; and all who were counted of you, according to your whole number, from twenty years old and upward, who have complained against me, 30 surely you will not come into the land concerning which I swore that I would make you dwell therein, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. 31 But I will bring in your little ones that you said should become plunder, and they will know the land which you have rejected. 32 But as for you, your dead bodies will fall in this wilderness. 33 Your children will be wanderers in the wilderness forty years, and will bear your prostitution, until your dead bodies are consumed in the wilderness.

Numbers 32:10 The anger of YHWH burned in that day, and he swore, saying, 11 ‘Surely none of the men who came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, will see the land which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me, 12 except Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite, and Joshua the son of Nun, because they have followed YHWH completely.’ 13 the anger of YHWH burned against Israel, and he made them wander back and forth in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation who had done evil in the sight of YHWH was consumed.

John 19:30 When Yeshua therefore had received the vinegar, he said, “It is finished!” Then he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. 31 Therefore the Judeans, because it was the Preparation Day, so that the bodies wouldn’t remain on the cross on the Sabbath, for that Sabbath was a special one, asked of Pilate that their legs might be broken and that they might be taken away. 32 Therefore the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first and of the other who was crucified with him; 33 but when they came to Yeshua and saw that he was already dead, they didn’t break his legs. 34 However, one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out. 35 He who has seen has witnessed, and his witness is true. He knows that he tells the truth, that you may believe. 36 For these things happened that the Scripture might be fulfilled, “A bone of him will not be broken.”

Psalms 34:19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous, but YHWH delivers him out of them all. 20 He protects all of his bones. Not one of them is broken.

Exodus 12:43 YHWH said to Moses and Aaron, “This is the statute of the Pesach. No foreigner will eat of it, 44 but every man’s servant who is bought for money, when you have circumcised him, then will he eat of it. 45 A foreigner and a hired-servant will not eat of it. 46 It must be eaten in one house. You will not carry any of the meat outside of the house. Do not break any of its bones.

Additional Readings​

The Temple Scroll is the longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Among the discoveries at Qumran it is designated: 11QTemple Scroll. It describes a Jewish temple which was never built, along with extensive detailed regulations about slaughters and temple practices. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the date, origin, author or authors, or its relationship to the Qumran community.[4] Some scholars attribute the Temple Scroll to the isolated Qumran community, while others see no connection with the Qumran community; instead they see the work as a priestly (possible Zadokite) document that was hidden in a cave by Zealots during their flight from Jerusalem in 70 A.D. before the Roman destruction of the Temple.

XVII … They will rejoice because expiation has been made for them … This day [shall] be a holy gathering for them, [an eternal rule for all their generations] wherever they dwell. They will rejoice and … [Let] them [prepare on the fourtee]nth day of the first month [between dusk and dark the Pesach of YHWH]. They will slaughter (it) before the evening offering and will slaughter … men from twenty years of age and over will prepare it. They will eat it at night in the holy courts. They will rise early and each will go to his tent … On the fifteenth day of this month (there will be) a ho[ly] gathering. You will do no work of labour on it. (It will be) a seven-day feast of unleavened bread for YHWH. You will offer on each of the[se] seven days a holocaust to YHWH: two young bulls, a ram, and seven ram lambs without blemish and a he-goat for a sin-offering and the corresponding grain-offering and drink-offering [according to the sta]tute for the young bulls, rams, l[am]bs and the he-goat. On the seventh day [(there will be) an assembly] for [YHWH]. You will do no work on it.

17:15. And it came to pass in the seventh week, in the first year thereof, in the first month in this jubilee, 4 on the twelfth of this month, there were voices in the heavens regarding Abraham, that he was faithful in all that He told him, and that he loved the Lord, and that in every affliction he was faithful. 16. And the prince Mastema came and said before Elohim, “Behold, Abraham loveth Isaac his son, and he delighteth in him above all things else; bid him offer him as a burnt offering on the altar, and Thou wilt see if he will do this command, and Thou wilt know if he is faithful in everything wherein Thou dost try him.” … 18:1 And Elohim said to him, “Abraham, Abraham”; and he said, “Behold, (here) am I.” 2. And He said, “Take thy beloved son whom thou lovest, (even) Isaac, and go unto the high country, and offer him on one of the mountains which I will point out unto thee.” 3. And he rose early in the morning and saddled his donkey, and took his two young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood of the burnt offering, and he went to the place on the third day, and he saw the place afar off. 4. And he came to a well of water, and he said to his young men, “Abide ye here with the donkey, and I and the lad will go (yonder), and when we have worshipped we will come again to you.” 5. And he took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac his son, and he took in his hand the fire and the knife, and they went both of them together to that place. 6. And Isaac said to his father, “Father”; and he said, “Here am I, my son.” And he said unto him, “Behold the fire, and the knife, and the wood; but where is the sheep for the burnt offering, father?” 7. And he said, “Elohim will provide for himself a sheep for a burnt offering, my son.” And he drew near to the place of the mount of Elohim. 8. And he built an altar, and he placed the wood on the altar, and bound Isaac his son, and placed him on the wood which was upon the altar, and stretched forth his hand to take the knife to slay Isaac his son. 9. And I stood before him, and before the prince of the Mastema, and the Lord said, “Bid him not to lay his hand on the lad, nor to do anything to him, for I have shown that he feareth the Lord.” 10. And I called to him from the heavens, and said unto him: “Abraham, Abraham”; and he was terrified and said: “Behold, (here) am I.” 11. And I said unto him: “Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do thou anything to him; for now I have shown that thou fearest the Lord, and hast not withheld thy son, thy first-born son, from me.” 12. And the prince of the Mastema was put to shame; and Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, a single ram caught . . . by his horns, and Abraham went and took the ram and offered it for a burnt offering in the stead of his son. 13. And Abraham called that place “The Lord hath seen,” so that it is said “(in the mount) the Lord hath seen”: that is Mount Zion.

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Josephus was born Joseph ben Mattathias in 37 AD in Jerusalem of a priestly and royal family. He excelled in his studies of Jewish law and studied with the Sadducees, Pharisees, and the Essenes, eventually aligning himself with the Pharisees. In 62 AD he went to Rome to free some imprisoned priests. After accomplishing this mission through the intercession of Nero’s wife, Poppaea, he returned to Jerusalem in 65 AD to find the country in revolt against Rome. Josephus shrewdly reinterpreted the Messianic prophecies. He predicted that Vespasian would become the ruler of the ‘entire world’. His prophecy became true in 68 AD when Nero committed suicide and Vespasian became Ceasar. As a result, Josephus was freed; he moved to Rome and became a Roman citizen, taking the Vespasian family name Flavius. Vespasian commissioned Josephus to write a history of the war, which he finished in 78 AD, the Jewish War. His second major work, the Antiquities of the Jews, was completed in 93 AD. The extant manuscripts of the book Antiquities of the Jews contain two references to Yeshua of Nazareth (18.3.3. and 20.9.1.) and one reference to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist (18.5.2.).

2.14.6 But when Elohim had signified, that with one plague he would compel the Egyptians to let Hebrews go, he commanded Moses to tell the people that they should have a slaughter ready, and they should prepare themselves on the tenth day of the month Xanthicus, against the fourteenth, [which month is called by the Egyptians Pharmuth, Nisan by the Hebrews; but the Macedonians call it Xanthicus,] and that he should carry the Hebrews with all they had. Accordingly, he having got the Hebrews ready for their departure, and having sorted the people into tribes, he kept them together in one place: but when the fourteenth day was come, and all were ready to depart they offered the slaughter, and purified their houses with the blood, using bunches of hyssop for that purpose; and when they had supped, they burnt the remainder of the flesh, as just ready to depart. Whence it is that we do still offer this slaughter in like manner to this day, and call this festival Pascha which signifies the feast of the passover; because on that day Elohim passed us over, and sent the plague upon the Egyptians; for the destruction of the first-born came upon the Egyptians that night, so that many of the Egyptians who lived near the king’s palace, persuaded Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go. Accordingly he called for Moses, and bid them be gone; as supposing, that if once the Hebrews were gone out of the country, Egypt should be freed from its miseries. They also honored the Hebrews with gifts; some, in order to get them to depart quickly, and others on account of their neighborhood, and the friendship they had with them.

3.10.5 In the month of Xanthicus, which is by us called Nisan, and is the beginning of our year, on the fourteenth day of the lunar month, when the sun is in Aries, [for in this month it was that we were delivered from bondage under the Egyptians,] the law ordained that we should every year slay that slaughter which I before told you we slew when we came out of Egypt, and which was called the Pesach; and so we do celebrate this passover in companies, leaving nothing of what we slaughter till the day following. The feast of unleavened bread succeeds that of the passover, and falls on the fifteenth day of the month, and continues seven days, wherein they feed on unleavened bread; on every one of which days two bulls are killed, and one ram, and seven lambs. Now these lambs are entirely burnt, besides the kid of the goats which is added to all the rest, for sins; for it is intended as a feast for the priest on every one of those days. But on the second day of unleavened bread, which is the sixteenth day of the month, they first partake of the fruits of the land, for before that day they do not touch them. And while they suppose it proper to honor Elohim, from whom they obtain this plentiful provision, in the first place, they offer the first fruits of their barley, and that in the manner following: They take a handful of the ears, and dry them, then beat them small, and purge the barley from the bran; they then bring one tenth deal to the altar, to Elohim; and, casting one handful of it upon the fire, they leave the rest for the use of the priest. And after this it is that they may publicly or privately reap their harvest. They also at this participation of the first fruits of the land, slaughter a lamb, as a burnt offering to Elohim.

2.15.1. So the Hebrews went out of Egypt, while the Egyptians wept, and repented that they had treated them so hardly.—Now they took their journey by Letopolis, a place at that time deserted, but where Babylon was built afterwards, when Cambyses laid Egypt waste: but as they went away hastily, on the third day they came to a place called Beelzephon, on the Sea of Reeds; and when they had no food out of the land, because it was a desert, they eat of loaves kneaded of flour, only warmed by a gentle heat; and this food they made use of for thirty days; for what they brought with them out of Egypt would not suffice them any longer time; and this only while they dispensed it to each person, to use so much only as would serve for necessity, but not for satiety. Whence it is that, in memory of the want we were then in, we keep a feast for eight days, which is called the feast of unleavened bread. Now the entire multitude of those that went out, including the women and children, was not easy to be numbered, but those that were of an age fit for war, were six hundred thousand.

2.15.2. They left Egypt in the month Xanthicus, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month; four hundred and thirty years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but two hundred and fifteen years only after Jacob removed into Egypt. It was the eightieth year of the age of Moses, and of that of Aaron three more. They also carried out the bones of Joseph with them, as he had charged his sons to do.