• Torah (T): Wayiqra (Leviticus) 16:1-34
• Prophets (P): Isaiah 60:15-22
• Apostolic (A): Hebrews 9:1-12; 9:24-28
• Additional (ADD): Enoch 10:1-21

RELATED SCRIPTURES

• Leviticus 10:1-3 (T)
• Exodus 30:10 (T)
• Hebrews 5:1-11 (T)
• Hebrews 10:1-10 (T)
• Job 4:17-21 (T, ADD)
• 2 Peter 2:1-5 (T, ADD)
• Jude 1:3-5 (T, ADD)
• Luke 1:5-21 (T)
• Matthew 27:57-60; Mark 15:43-46; Luke 23:50-53; John 19:38-41 (T)
• Leviticus 6:30 (T)
• Hebrews 13:8-16 (T)
• Leviticus 23:26-32; Numbers 29:7-11 (T)
• Leviticus 25:8-13 (T)

RELATED ADDITIONAL REA.D.INGS

• The Temple Scroll 11Q19-21 XXV – XXVII (T)
• The Ages of Creation 4Q180 (T)
• Enoch 8:1 – 9:11 (T)
• Jubilees 34:10-19 (T)
• Baruch 3:24-28 (ADD)
• Wisdom of Solomon 14:6-13 (ADD)
• Leviticus 16:1-34 from the Jerusalem Targum aka Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (T)
• Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus 3.10.1-3 (T)

Note: (T) means the verse relates to that week’s Torah portion. (P) means the verse relates to that week’s Prophets portion. (A) means the verse relates to that week’s Apostolic portion. (ADD) means the verse relates to that week’s Additional portion.

Torah Portion (T)

16:1 YHWH spoke to Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they came near before YHWH, and died; 2 and YHWH said to Moses, “Tell Aaron your brother not to come at just any time into the holy within the veil, before the lid which is on the ark; lest he die; for I will appear in the cloud on the lid. 3 Aaron will come into the holy with a young bull for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering. 4 He will put on the holy linen tunic. He will have the linen trousers on his body, and will put on the linen sash, and he will be clothed with the linen turban. They are the holy garments. He will bathe his body in water, and put them on. 5 He will take from the congregation of the sons of Israel two male goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. 6 Aaron will offer the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house. 7 He will take the two goats, and set them before YHWH at the door of the Appointed Tent. 8 Aaron will cast lots for the two goats: one lot for YHWH, and the other lot for Azazel. 9 Aaron will present the goat on which the lot fell for YHWH, and offer him for a sin offering. 10 But the goat on which the lot fell for Azazel will be presented alive before YHWH, to make atonement for him, to send him away to Azazel into the wilderness. 11 Aaron will present the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and will make atonement for himself and for his house, and will kill the bull of the sin offering which is for himself. 12 He will take a censer full of coals of fire from off the altar before YHWH, and two handfuls of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the veil. 13 He will put the incense on the fire before YHWH, that the cloud of the incense may cover the lid that is on the witness, so that he will not die. 14 He will take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the lid on the east; and before the lid he will sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times. 15 Then he will kill the goat of the sin offering that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the lid and before the lid. 16 He will make atonement for the holy, because of the uncleanness of the sons of Israel, and because of their trespasses, even all their sins; and so he will do for the Appointed Tent that dwells with them in the middle of their uncleanness. 17 No one will be in the Appointed Tent when he enters to make atonement in the holy, until he comes out, and has made atonement for himself and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel. 18 He will go out to the altar that is before YHWH and make atonement for it, and will take some of the bull’s blood, and some of the goat’s blood, and put it around on the horns of the altar. 19 He will sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and make it holy from the uncleanness of the sons of Israel. 20 When he has finished atoning for the holy, the Appointed Tent, and the altar, he will present the live goat. 21 Aaron will lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the sons of Israel, and all their trespasses, even all their sins; and he will put them on the head of the goat, and will send him away into the wilderness by the hand of a man who is ready. 22 The goat will carry all their iniquities on himself to a land cut off, and he will release the goat in the wilderness. 23 Aaron will come into the Appointed Tent, and will take off the linen garments which he put on [and he will go]^(DSS) into the holy, and will leave them there. 24 Then he will bathe himself in water in a holy place, put on his garments, and come out and do his burnt offering and the burnt offering of the people, and make atonement for himself and for the people. 25 The fat of the sin offering he will burn on the altar. 26 He who lets the goat go to Azazel will wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he will come into the camp. 27 The bull for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy, will be carried outside the camp; and they will burn their skins, their flesh, and their dung with fire. 28 He who burns them will wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he will come into the camp. 29 It will be a statute to you forever: in the seventh new moon, on the tenth day of the new moon, you will afflict your souls, and will do no kind of work, whether native or a stranger who sojourns among you; 30 for on this day will atonement be made for you, to cleanse you. You will be clean from all your sins before YHWH. 31 It is a Sabbath of rest to you, and you will afflict your souls. It is a statute forever. 32 The priest, who is anointed and filled his hand to be adorned in his father’s place, will make the atonement, and will put on the linen garments, even the holy garments. 33 Then he will make atonement for the holy sanctuary; and he will make atonement for the Appointed Tent and for the altar; and he will make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly. 34 This will be an everlasting statute for you, to make atonement for the sons of Israel once in the year because of all their sins.” It was done as YHWH commanded Moses.

Prophets Portion (P)

60:15 “Whereas you have been forsaken and hated, so that no one passed through you, I will make you an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations. 16 You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse from royal breasts. Then you will know that I, YHWH, am your Savior, your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. 17 For bronze I will bring gold; for iron I will bring silver; for wood, bronze, and for stones, iron. I will also make peace your governor, and righteousness your ruler. 18 Violence will no more be heard in your land, nor desolation or destruction within your borders; but you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise. 19 The sun will be no more your light by day, nor will the brightness of the moon give light to you, but YHWH will be your everlasting light, and your Elohim will be your glory. 20 Your sun will not go down any more, nor will your moon withdraw itself; for YHWH will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning will end. 21 Then your people will all be righteous. They will inherit the land forever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. 22 The little one will become a thousand, and the small one a strong nation. I, YHWH, will do this quickly in its time.”

Apostolic Portion (A)

Additional Portion (ADD)

The Book of Enoch (also known as 1 Enoch) was written during the second century B.C. The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) of the text are estimated to date from about 300–200 B.C., and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to 100 B.C. Various Aramaic fragments found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as Koine Greek and Latin fragments, were proof that The Book of Enoch was known by early Jews and Christians.

You will note some abbreviations, brackets, and symbols specially used in the translation of 1 Enoch:

• ⌈ ⌉. The use of these brackets means that the words so enclosed are found in the Greek Version preserved In Syncellus but not in the Ethiopic Version.
• ⌈⌈ ⌉⌉. The use of these brackets means that the words so enclosed are found in E the Ethiopic Version but not in the Greek Version preserved In Syncellus or the Greek Version discovered at Akhmîm.
• 〉. The use of these brackets means that the words so enclosed are restored.
• [ ] The use of these brackets means that the words so enclosed are interpolations.
• ( ). The use of these brackets means that the words so enclosed are supplied by the editor.
• The use of thick type denotes that the words so printed are emended.
• † † corruption in the text.
• . . . = some words which have been lost.

10:1 Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One spake, and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech, and said to him: 2. ‘〈Go to Noaḥ〉 and tell him in my name “Hide thyself!” and reveal to him the end that is approaching: that the whole land will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come upon the whole land, and will destroy all that is on it. 3. And now instruct him that he may escape and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world.’ 4. And again the Lord said to Raphael: ‘Bind Azazel hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert, which is in Dudael, and cast him therein. 5. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there for ever, and cover his face that he may not see light. 6. And on the day of the great judgement he will be cast into the fire. And heal the land which the angels have corrupted, and proclaim the healing of the land, that they may heal the plague, and that all the children of men may not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have disclosed and have taught their sons. 8. And the whole land has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin.’ 9. And to Gabriel said the Lord: ‘Proceed against the bastards and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle: for length of days will they not have. 10. And no request that they (i.e. their fathers) make of thee will be granted unto their fathers on their behalf; for they hope to live an eternal life, and that each one of them will live five hundred years.’ 11. And the Lord said unto Michael: ‘Go, bind Semjaza and his associates who have united themselves with women so as to have defiled themselves with them in all their uncleanness. 12. And when their sons have slain one another, and they have seen the destruction of their beloved ones, bind them fast for seventy generations in the valleys of the land, till the day of their judgement and of their consummation, till the judgement that is for ever and ever is consummated. 13. In those days they will be led off to the abyss of fire: 〈and〉 to the torment and the prison in which they will be confined for ever. And whosoever will be condemned and destroyed will from thenceforth be bound together with them to the end of all generations. 15. And destroy all the spirits of the reprobate and the children of the Watchers, because they have wronged mankind. Destroy all wrong from the face of the land and let every evil work come to an end: and let the plant of righteousness and truth appear: ⌈and it will prove a blessing; the works of righteousness and truth⌉ will be planted in truth and joy for evermore. 17 And then will all the righteous escape, And will live till they beget thousands of children, And all the days of their youth and their old age Shall they complete in peace. 18 And then will the whole land be tilled in righteousness, and will all be planted with trees and be full of blessing. 19. And all desirable trees will be planted on it, and they will plant vines on it: and the vine which they plant thereon will yield wine in abundance, and as for all the seed which is sown thereon each measure (of it) will bear a thousand, and each measure of olives will yield ten presses of oil. 20. And cleanse thou the land from all oppression, and from all unrighteousness, and from all sin, and from all godlessness: and all the uncleanness that is wrought upon the land destroy from off the land. 21. ⌈And all the children of men will become righteous⌉, and all nations will offer adoration and will praise Me, and all will worship Me. And the land will be cleansed from all defilement, and from all sin, and from all punishment, and from all torment, and I will never again send (them) upon it from generation to generation and for ever.

Related Scriptures

10:1 Nadab and Abihu, the [two]^(LXX) sons of Aaron, each took his censer, and put fire in it, and laid incense on it, and offered [foreign] fire before YHWH, which [YHWH]^(DSS)(LXX) had not commanded them. 2 Fire came out from before YHWH, and devoured them, and they died before YHWH. 3 Then Moses said to Aaron, “This is what YHWH spoke of, saying, ‘I will show myself holy to those who come near me, and before all the people I will be glorified.’ ” Aaron held his peace.

30:10 Aaron will make atonement on its horns once in the year; with the blood of the sin offering of atonements once in the year he will make atonement for it throughout your generations. It is holy of holies to YHWH.

5:1 For every high priest, being taken from among men, is appointed for men in things pertaining to Elohim, that he may offer both gifts and slaughters for sins. 2 The high priest can deal gently with those who are ignorant and going astray, because he himself is also surrounded with weakness. 3 Because of this, he must offer slaughters for sins for the people, as well as for himself. 4 Nobody takes this honor on himself, but he is called by Elohim, just like Aaron was. 5 So also Messiah didn’t glorify himself to be made a high priest, but it was he who said to him, “You are my Son. Today I have become your father.” (cf. Psalms 2:7) 6 As he says also in another place, “You are a priest forever, after the order of Melchizedek.” (cf. Psalms 110:4) 7 He, in the days of his flesh, having offered up prayers and petitions with strong crying and tears to him who was able to save him from death, and having been heard for his pious fear, 8 though he was a Son, yet learned obedience by the things which he suffered. 9 Having been made [perfect], he became to all of those who obey him the author of eternal salvation, 10 named by Elohim a high priest after the order of Melchizedek. 11 About him we have many words to say, and hard to interpret, seeing you have become dull of hearing.

10:1 For the law, having a shadow of the good to come, not the very image of the things, can never with the same slaughters year by year, which they offer continually, make perfect those who draw near. 2 Or else wouldn’t they have ceased to be offered, because the worshipers, having been once cleansed, would have had no more consciousness of sins? 3 But in those slaughters there is a yearly reminder of sins. 4 For it is impossible that the blood of bulls and goats should take away sins. 5 Therefore when he comes into the world, he says, “You didn’t desire slaughter and offering, but you prepared a body for me. 6 You had no pleasure in whole burnt offerings and slaughters for sin. 7 Then I said, ‘Behold, I have come, in the scroll of the book it is written of me, to do your will, O Elohim.’ ” 8 Previously saying, “slaughters and offerings and whole burnt offerings and slaughters for sin you didn’t desire, neither had pleasure in them” those which are offered according to the law, 9 then he has said, “Behold, I have come to do your will.” He takes away the first, that he may establish the second, 10 by which will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Yeshua the Messiah once for all.

4:17 “Shall mortal man be more just than Elohim? Shall a man be more pure than his Maker? 18 Behold, he puts no trust in his servants. He charges his angels with error. 19 How much more those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth! 20 Between morning and evening they are destroyed. They perish forever without any regarding it. 21 Isn’t their tent cord plucked up within them? They die, and that without wisdom.”

2:1 But false prophets also arose among the people, as false teachers will also be among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, denying even the Master who bought them, bringing on themselves swift destruction. 2 Many will follow their immoral ways, and as a result, the way of the truth will be maligned. 3 In covetousness they will exploit you with deceptive words: whose sentence now from of old doesn’t linger, and their destruction [is not asleep]. 4 For if Elohim didn’t spare angels when they sinned, but cast them down to Tartaros, and committed them to pits of darkness to be reserved for judgment; 5 and didn’t spare the ancient world, but preserved Noaḥ with seven others, a proclaimer of righteousness, when he brought a flood on the world of the impious,

1:3 Beloved, while I was very eager to write to you about our common salvation, I was constrained to write to you exhorting you to contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered to the holy ones. 4 For there are certain men who crept in secretly, even those who were long ago written about for this condemnation: impious men, turning the grace of our Elohim into indecency, and denying our only Master, Elohim, and Lord, Yeshua the Messiah. 5 Now I desire to remind you, though you already know this, that the Lord, having saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who didn’t believe. 6 Angels who didn’t keep their first domain, but deserted their own dwelling place, he has kept in everlasting bonds under darkness for the judgment of the great day.

1:5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zechariah, of the priestly division of Abijah. He had a woman of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisheva. 6 They were both righteous before Elohim, walking blamelessly in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord. 7 But they had no child, because Elisheva was barren, and they both were well advanced in years. 8 Now while he executed the priest’s office before Elohim in the order of his division 9 according to the custom of the priest’s office, his lot was to enter into the temple of the Lord and burn incense. 10 The whole multitude of the people were praying outside at the hour of incense. 11 An angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing on the right side of the altar of incense. 12 Zechariah was troubled when he saw him, and fear fell upon him. 13 But the angel said to him, “Don’t be afraid, Zechariah, because your request has been heard. your wife, Elisheva, will bear you a son, and you will call his name John. 14 You will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth. 15 For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and he will drink no wine nor strong drink. He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother’s womb. 16 He will turn many of the sons of Israel to the Lord their Elohim. 17 He will go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, ‘to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,’ and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to prepare a people prepared for the Lord.” 18 Zechariah said to the angel, “How can I be sure of this? For I am a bearded man, and my wife is well advanced in years.” 19 The angel answered him, “I am Gabriel, who stands in the face of Elohim. I was sent to speak to you and to bring you this good news. 20 Behold, you will be silent and not able to speak until the day that these things will happen, because you didn’t believe my words, which will be fulfilled in their proper time.” 21 The people were waiting for Zechariah, and they marveled that he delayed in the temple.

Matthew 27:57 When evening had come, a rich man from Arimathaea named Joseph, who himself was also Yeshua’s disciple, came. 58 This man went to Pilate and asked for Yeshua’s body. Then Pilate commanded the body to be given up. 59 Joseph took the body and wrapped it in a clean linen cloth 60 and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut out in the rock. Then he rolled a large stone against the door of the tomb, and departed.

Mark 15:43 Joseph of Arimathaea, a prominent council member who also himself was looking for the reign of Elohim, came. He boldly went in to Pilate, and asked for Yeshua’s body. 44 Pilate was surprised to hear that he was already dead; and summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he had been dead long. 45 When he found out from the centurion, he granted the body to Joseph. 46 He bought a linen cloth, and taking him down, wound him in the linen cloth and laid him in a tomb which had been cut out of a rock. He rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.

Luke 23:50 Behold, there was a man named Joseph, who was a member of the council, a good and righteous man 51 (he had not consented to their counsel and deed), from Arimathaea, a city of the Judeans, who was also waiting for the reign of Elohim. 52 This man went to Pilate, and asked for Yeshua’s body. 53 He took it down and wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb that was cut in stone, where no one had ever been laid.

John 19:38 After these things, Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Yeshua, but secretly for fear of the Judeans, asked of Pilate that he might take away Yeshua’s body. Pilate gave him permission. He came therefore and took away his body. 39 Nicodemus, who at first came to Yeshua by night, also came bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred Roman pounds. 40 So they took Yeshua’s body, and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as the custom of the Judeans is to bury. 41 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden. In the garden was a new tomb in which no man had ever yet been laid.

6:30 No sin offering, of which any of the blood is brought into the Appointed Tent to make atonement in the holy, will be eaten. It will be burned with fire.

13:8 Yeshua the Messiah is the same yesterday, today, and forever. 9 Don’t be carried away by various and strange teachings, for it is good that the heart be established by grace, not by foods, through which those who were so occupied were not benefited. 10 We have an altar from which those who serve the holy tabernacle have no right to eat. 11 For the bodies of those animals, whose blood is brought into the holy place by the high priest as an offering for sin, are burned outside of the camp. 12 Therefore Yeshua also, that he might sanctify the people through his own blood, suffered outside of the gate. 13 Let’s therefore go out to him outside of the camp, bearing his reproach. 14 For we don’t have here an enduring city, but we seek that which is to come. 15 Through him, then, let’s offer up a slaughter of praise to Elohim continually, that is, the fruit of lips which proclaim allegiance to his name. 16 But don’t forget to be doing good and sharing, for with such slaughters Elohim is well pleased.

Leviticus 23:26 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying, 27 “However on the tenth day of this seventh new moon is the day of atonement. It will be a holy convocation to you. You will afflict yourselves and you will offer an offering made by fire to YHWH. 28 You will do no kind of work in that same day, for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before YHWH your Elohim. 29 For whoever it is who will not deny himself in that same day will be cut off from his people. 30 Whoever does any kind of work in that same day, I will destroy that person from among his people. 31 You will do no kind of work: it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. 32 It will be a Sabbath of solemn rest for you, and you will deny yourselves. In the ninth day of the new moon at evening, from evening to evening, you will guard your Sabbath.”

Numbers 29:7 On the tenth day of this seventh new moon you will have a holy convocation. You will afflict your souls. You will do no kind of work; 8 but you will offer a burnt offering to YHWH for a pleasant aroma: one young bull, one ram, seven male lambs a year old, all perfect ones; 9 and their grain offering, fine flour mixed with oil: three tenths for the bull, two tenths for the one ram, 10 one tenth for every lamb of the seven lambs; 11 one male goat for a sin offering, in addition to the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering, and its grain offering, and their libation offerings.

Related Additional Readings​

The Temple Scroll is the longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Among the discoveries at Qumran it is designated: 11QTemple Scroll. It describes a Jewish temple which was never built, along with extensive detailed regulations about slaughters and temple practices. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the date, origin, author or authors, or its relationship to the Qumran community.[4] Some scholars attribute the Temple Scroll to the isolated Qumran community, while others see no connection with the Qumran community; instead they see the work as a priestly (possible Zadokite) document that was hidden in a cave by Zealots during their flight from Jerusalem in 70 A.D. before the Roman destruction of the Temple.

XXV … The tenth of this new moon is the Day of Atonement. You will mortify yourselves. For any person who does not mortify himself on this bone of this day will be cut off from his people. You will offer on it a holocaust to YHWH: one young bull, one ram, seven ram lambs, one he-goat for a sin-offering, in addition to the sin-offering of the atonement and the [15] corresponding grain-offering and drink-offering according to the statute concerning the young bull, the ram, the lambs and the he-goat. For the sin-offering of the atonement you will offer two rams for holocaust. The High Priest will offer one for himself and his father’s house XXVI … [The High Prie]st [will cast lots on the two goats,] o[ne] lot for YHWH and one for Azazel. He will slaughter the goat [on] which [5] [YHWH’s lot has fallen and will lift up] its blood in a golden bowl which is in [his ha]nd, [and do] with its blo[od as he has done with the blood of] his young bull and will expiate with it for all the people of the assembly. He will send up in smoke its fat and the corresponding grain and drink-offering on the altar of the holocaust. Its flesh, skin and dung they will burn beside his young bull. It is a sin-offering for the whole assembly. He will expiate with it for all the people of the assembly and [10] it will be forgiven to them. He will wash his hands and feet of the blood of the sin-offering and will come to the living goat and will confess over its head the iniquities of the sons of Israel together with all their guilt, all their sins. He will put them on the head of the goat and [15] despatch it to Azazel in the desert by the hand of the man who is waiting ready. The goat will bear all the iniquities of (the sons of Israel). XXVII … [and he will expiate] for all the sons of Israel and it will be forgiven to them … Afterwards he will offer the young bull, the r[a]m, and [the lambs, according to] the [sta]tute relating to them, on the altar of the holocaust, and the [ho]locaust will be accepted for the sons of Israel, an eternal rule for their generations. Once a year this [5] day will be for them a memorial. They will do no work on it, for it will be [to] them a Sabbath of sacred rest. Whoever will do work on it or will not mortify himself on it, will be cut off from the midst of his people. A Sabbath of sacred rest, a holy gathering will this day be for you. You will sanctify it as a memorial wherever you dwell and you will do no work.

A badly worn manuscript from Cave 4 has been published under this title by J. M. Allegro. The only section yielding coherent sense deals with the fallen angels and the daughters of men, which is based on Genesis 6:1–4, and fully developed in 1 Enoch. If Milik’s reconstruction is correct, the work presents human history as divided into seventy weeks of years (70 × 7 years), the first ten of which cover the period from Noaḥ to Abraham.

Interpretation concerning the ages made by Elohim, all the ages for the accomplishment [of all the events, past] and future. Before ever He created them, He determined the works of … age by age. And it was engraved on [the heavenly] tablets … the ages of their domination. This is the order of the cre[ation of man from Noaḥ to Abraham, un] til he begot Isaac; ten [weeks (of years)]. [5] And the interpretation concerns Azazel and the angels who [came to the daughters of men; and] they bore to them giants. And concerning Azazel … and iniquity, and to cause them all to inherit wickedness … [10] judgements and judgement of the congregation.

The Book of Enoch (also known as 1 Enoch) was written during the second century B.C. The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) of the text are estimated to date from about 300–200 B.C., and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to 100 B.C. Various Aramaic fragments found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as Koine Greek and Latin fragments, were proof that The Book of Enoch was known by early Jews and Christians.

8:1 And Azazel taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals 〈of the land〉 and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring tinctures. 2. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray, and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjâzâ taught enchantments, and root-cuttings, Armârôs the resolving of enchantments, Barâqîjâl, (taught) astrology, Kôkabêl the constellations, Ezêqêêl the knowledge of the clouds, 〈Araqiêl the signs of the land, Shamsiêl the signs of the sun〉, and Sariêl the course of the moon. And as men perished, they cried, and their cry went up to the heavens … 9:1 And then Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Gabriel looked down from the heavens and saw much blood being shed upon the land, and all lawlessness being wrought upon the land. 2. And they said one to another: ‘The land made †without inhabitant cries the voice of their crying† up to the gates of the heavens. 3 ⌈⌈And now to you, the holy ones of the heavens⌉⌉, the souls of men make their suit, saying, “Bring our cause before the Most High.”.’ 4. And they said to the Lord of the ages: ‘Lord of lords, Elohim of Elohim, King of kings, 〈and Elohim of the ages〉, the throne of Thy glory (standeth) unto all the generations of the ages, and Thy name holy and glorious and blessed unto all the ages! 5. Thou hast made all things, and power over all things hast Thou: and all things are naked and open in Thy sight, and Thou seest all things, and nothing can hide itself from Thee. 6. Thou seest what Azazel hath done, who hath taught all unrighteousness on land and revealed the eternal secrets which were (preserved) in the heavens, which men were striving to learn: 7. And Semjâzâ, to whom Thou hast given authority to bear rule over his associates. 8. And they have gone to the daughters of men upon the land, and have slept with the women, and have defiled themselves, and revealed to them all kinds of sins. 9. And the women have borne giants, and the whole land has thereby been filled with blood and unrighteousness. 10. And now, behold, the souls of those who have died are crying and making their suit to the gates of the heavens, and their lamentations have ascended: and cannot cease because of the lawless deeds which are wrought on the land. 11. And Thou knowest all things before they come to pass, and Thou seest these things and Thou dost suffer them, and Thou dost not say to us what we are to do to them in regard to these.’

34:10 And in the seventh year of this week [2149 A.M.] he sent Joseph to learn about the welfare of his brothers from his house to the land of Shechem, and he found them in the land of Dothan. 11. And they dealt treacherously with him, and formed a plot against him to slay him, but changing their minds, they sold him to Ishmaelite merchants, and they brought him down into Egypt, and they sold him to Potiphar, the eunuch of Pharaoh, the chief of the cooks, priest of the city of ‘Êlêw. 12. And the sons of Jacob slaughtered a kid, and dipped the coat of Joseph in the blood, and sent (it) to Jacob their father on the tenth of the seventh new moon. 13. And he mourned all that night, for they had brought it to him in the evening, and he became feverish with mourning for his death, and he said: “An evil beast hath devoured Joseph”; and all the members of his house [mourned with him that day, and they] were grieving and mourning with him all that day. 14. And his sons and his daughter rose up to comfort him, but he refused to be comforted for his son. 15. And on that day Bilhah heard that Joseph had perished, and she died mourning him, and she was living in †Qafrâtêf† and Dinah also, his daughter, died after Joseph had perished. And there came these three mournings upon Israel in one new moon. 16. And they buried Bilhah over against the tomb of Rachel, and Dinah also, his daughter, they buried there. 17. And he mourned for Joseph one year, and did not cease, for he said “Let me go down to the grave mourning for my son.” 18. For this reason it is ordained for the sons of Israel that they should afflict themselves on the tenth of the seventh new moon–on the day that the news which made him weep for Joseph came to Jacob his father–that they should make atonement for themselves thereon with a young goat on the tenth of the seventh new moon, once a year, for their sins; for they had grieved the affection of their father regarding Joseph his son. 19. And this day hath been ordained that they should grieve thereon for their sins, and for all their transgressions and for all their errors, so that they might cleanse themselves on that day once a year.

3:24 O Israel, how great is the house of Elohim! and how large is the place of his possession! 25 great, and has none end; high, and unmeasurable. 26 There were the giants born that were famous of old, great of stature, and expert in war. 27 Elohim didn’t choose these, nor did he give the way of knowledge to them; 28 so they perished, because they had no wisdom, they perished through their own foolishness.

14:6 For in the old time also, when proud giants were perishing, the hope of the world, taking refuge on a raft, your hand guided the seed of generations of the race of men. 7 For blessed is wood through which comes righteousness; 8 but the idol made with hands is accursed, itself and he that made it; because his was the working, and the corruptible thing was called a god: 9 For both the impious and his ungodliness are alike hateful to Elohim; 10 for truly the deed will be punished together with him who committed it. 11 Therefore also there will be a inspection among the idols of the nation, because, though formed of things which Elohim created, they were made an abomination, stumbling blocks to the souls of men, and a snare to the feet of the foolish. 12 For the devising of idols was the beginning of fornication, and the invention of them the corruption of life. 13 For they didn’t exist from the beginning, and they won’t exist forever.

Josephus was born Joseph ben Mattathias in 37 AD in Jerusalem of a priestly and royal family. He excelled in his studies of Jewish law and studied with the Sadducees, Pharisees, and the Essenes, eventually aligning himself with the Pharisees. In 62 AD he went to Rome to free some imprisoned priests. After accomplishing this mission through the intercession of Nero’s wife, Poppaea, he returned to Jerusalem in 65 AD to find the country in revolt against Rome. Josephus shrewdly reinterpreted the Messianic prophecies. He predicted that Vespasian would become the ruler of the ‘entire world’. His prophecy became true in 68 AD when Nero committed suicide and Vespasian became Ceasar. As a result, Josephus was freed; he moved to Rome and became a Roman citizen, taking the Vespasian family name Flavius. Vespasian commissioned Josephus to write a history of the war, which he finished in 78 AD, the Jewish War. His second major work, the Antiquities of the Jews, was completed in 93 AD. The extant manuscripts of the book Antiquities of the Jews contain two references to Yeshua of Nazareth (18.3.3. and 20.9.1.) and one reference to the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist (18.5.2.).

3.10.1 The law requires, that out of the public expenses a lamb of the first year be killed every day, at the beginning and at the ending of the day; but on the seventh day, which is called the Sabbath, they kill two, and slaughter them in the same manner. At the new moon, they both perform the daily slaughters, and slay two bulls, with seven lambs of the first year, and a kid of the goats also, for the expiation of sins; that is, if they have sinned through ignorance.

3.10.2 But on the seventh new moon, which the Macedonians call Hyperberetaeus, they make an addition to those already mentioned, and slaughter a bull, a ram, and seven lambs, and a kid of the goats, for sins.

3.10.3 On the tenth day of the same lunar new moon, they fast till the evening; and this day they slaughter a bull, and two rams, and seven lambs, and a kid of the goats, for sins. And, besides these, they bring two kids of the goats; the one of which is sent alive out of the limits of the camp into the wilderness for the scapegoat, and to be an expiation for the sins of the whole multitude; but the other is brought into a place of great cleanness, within the limits of the camp, and is there burnt, with its skin, without any sort of cleansing. With this goat was burnt a bull, not brought by the people, but by the high priest, at his own charges; which, when it was slain, he brought of the blood into the holy place, together with the blood of the kid of the goats, and sprinkled the ceiling with his finger seven times, as also its pavement, and again as often toward the holy of holies, and about the golden altar: he also at last brings it into the open court, and sprinkles it about the great altar. Besides this, they set the extremities, and the kidneys, and the fat, with the lobe of the liver, upon the altar. The high priest likewise presents a ram to Elohim as a burnt-offering.